Time-division duplex multiple-input multiple-output calibration
Aspects of this disclosure relate to a time-division duplex (TDD) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system that includes a plurality of nodes. The plurality of nodes collectively includes antennas divided into groups. Reference signals can be transmitted from each group of antennas to one or more other groups of antennas during respective time slots. Channel estimates can be generated based on the received reference signals. The channel estimates can be jointly processed to generate calibration coefficients. Each calibration coefficient can represent a ratio associated with a transmit coefficient and a receive coefficient. Example algorithms for the joint processing are disclosed.
1. A time-division duplex (TDD) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system comprising:
a plurality of network nodes comprising a plurality of antennas, the plurality of antennas comprising a first group of antennas and a second group of antennas; and
a baseband unit in communication with the plurality of network nodes, the baseband unit comprising one or more processors configured to execute instructions stored by the baseband unit, the baseband unit configured to:
cause the first group of antennas to transmit first reference signals to the second group of antennas over designated physical resources during a first time slot;
cause the second group of antennas to transmit second reference signals to the first group of antennas over the designated physical resources during a second time slot, wherein the first reference signals and the second reference signals comprise a Sounding Reference Signal;
generate channel estimates based on the first reference signals received by the second group of antennas and the second reference signals received by the first group of antennas; and
jointly process the channel estimates to generate calibration coefficients, wherein each of the calibration coefficients is associated with a respective antenna of the plurality of antennas, and wherein each of the calibration coefficients represents a ratio for compensating for a difference between a transmit coefficient and a receive coefficient.
2. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of network nodes comprises a first remote radio unit and a second remote radio unit, the first remote radio unit comprises a first antenna of the first group of antennas, and the second remote radio unit comprises a second antenna of the second group of antennas.
3. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the first group of antennas comprises a reference antenna, and wherein the baseband unit is configured to generate the calibration coefficients based on a single link from each antenna of the second group to the reference antenna.
4. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the baseband unit is configured to generate the calibration coefficients with an iterative calibration, and wherein the iterative calibration comprises applying an iterative algorithm on a factor graph of multiple paths between the antennas of the first group and the antennas of the second group.
5. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the baseband unit is configured to select an algorithm of a plurality of algorithms to generate the calibration coefficients, wherein the plurality of algorithms comprises at least two algorithms having different computational complexity and different accuracy.
6. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the baseband unit is configured to divide the plurality of antennas into groups based on at least one of spatial location or signal quality, the groups comprising the first group and the second group.
7. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the first reference signals comprise cyclically shifted signals.
8. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the first reference signals comprise frequency division multiplexing signals.
9. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the first time slot is within a TDD guard period.
10. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the first time slot is either (i) within a dedicated uplink time slot without assigned uplink traffic or (ii) within a dedicated downlink time slot without assigned downlink traffic.
11. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein:
the plurality of antennas comprises a third group of antennas; and
the baseband unit is configured to:
cause the first group of antennas to transmit additional first reference signals to the third group of antennas during the first time slot;
cause the second group of antennas to transmit additional second reference signals to the third group of antennas during the first time slot; and
generate the channel estimates based on the additional first reference signals and additional second references received by the third group of antennas.
12. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the designated physical resources are orthogonal physical resources.
13. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein each of the calibration coefficients represents a phase and a gain.
14. The TDD MIMO system of claim 1 , wherein the baseband unit is configured to apply the calibration coefficients to respective signal paths to thereby compensate for differences between respective transmit coefficients and receive coefficients.
15. A method of calibration in a time-division duplex (TDD) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, the method comprising:
transmitting, by a first group of antennas, first reference signals over designated physical resources during a first time slot, wherein a first network nodes comprises a first antenna of the first group of antennas;
receiving, by a second group of antennas, the first reference signals from the first group of antennas, wherein a second network node comprises a second antenna of the second group of antennas;
transmitting, by the second group of antennas, second reference signals over the designated physical resources during a second time slot, wherein the first reference signals and the second reference signals comprise a Sounding Reference Signal;
receiving, by the first group of antennas, the second reference signals from the second group of antennas;
generating channel estimates based on the first reference signals received by the second group of antennas and the second reference signals received by the first group of antennas; and
jointly processing the channel estimates to generate calibration coefficients, wherein each of the calibration coefficients is associated with a respective antenna, and wherein each of the calibration coefficients represents a ratio for compensating for a difference between a transmit coefficient and a receive coefficient.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first time slot and the second time slot are within a TDD guard period.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the jointly processing comprises determining the calibration coefficients relative to a calibration coefficient associated with a reference antenna of the first group of antennas.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the jointly processing the channel estimates is based on hierarchical calibration.
19. The method of claim 15 , further comprising applying the calibration coefficients to respective signal paths to thereby compensate for differences between respective transmit coefficients and receive coefficients.
20. Non-transitory computer readable storage comprising memory storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause a method to be performed, the method comprising:
transmitting, by a first group of antennas, first reference signals over designated physical resources during a first time slot, wherein a first network nodes comprises a first antenna of the first group of antennas;
receiving, by a second group of antennas, the first reference signals from the first group of antennas, wherein a second network node comprises a second antenna of the second group of antennas;
transmitting, by the second group of antennas, second reference signals over the designated physical resources during a second time slot, wherein the first reference signals and the second reference signals comprise a Sounding Reference Signal;
receiving, by the first group of antennas, the second reference signals from the second group of antennas;
generating channel estimates based on the first reference signals received by the second group of antennas and the second reference signals received by the first group of antennas; and
jointly processing the channel estimates to generate calibration coefficients, wherein each of the calibration coefficients is associated with a respective antenna, and wherein each of the calibration coefficients represents a ratio for compensating for a difference between a transmit coefficient and a receive coefficient.