Scintillation crystal including a co-doped rare earth silicate, a radiation detection apparatus including the scintillation crystal, and a process of forming the same
A scintillation crystal can include a rare earth silicate, an activator, and a Group 2 co-dopant. In an embodiment, the Group 2 co-dopant concentration may not exceed 200 ppm atomic in the crystal or 0.25 at % in the melt before the crystal is formed. The ratio of the Group 2 concentration/activator atomic concentration can be in a range of 0.4 to 2.5. In another embodiment, the scintillation crystal may have a decay time no greater than 40 ns, and in another embodiment, have the same or higher light output than another crystal having the same composition except without the Group 2 co-dopant. In a further embodiment, a boule can be grown to a diameter of at least 75 mm and have no spiral or very low spiral and no cracks. The scintillation crystal can be used in a radiation detection apparatus and be coupled to a photosensor.
1. A scintillation crystal comprising a rare earth silicate, a first dopant, and a second dopant, wherein:
the first dopant is an activator and has a first atomic concentration;
the second dopant includes a Group 2 element and has a second atomic concentration that is at least 8 ppm atomic based on a total rare earth content of the scintillation crystal.
2. The scintillation crystal of claim 1 , wherein the scintillation crystal has a decay time of no greater than 38 ns.
3. The scintillation crystal of claim 1 , wherein the scintillation crystal has a decay time of at least 15 ns and no greater than 40 ns.
4. The scintillation crystal of claim 1 , wherein the second atomic concentration does not exceed 200 ppm atomic based on the total rare earth content of the scintillation crystal.
5. The scintillation crystal of claim 1 , wherein the second atomic concentration is at least 20 atomic ppm based on the total rare earth content in the scintillation crystal.
6. The scintillation crystal of claim 1 , wherein the first dopant is Ce, Pr, Tb, or any combination thereof.
7. The scintillation crystal of claim 1 , wherein the first atomic concentration in the scintillation crystal is at least 20 atomic ppm based on a total rare earth content in the scintillation crystal.
8. The scintillation crystal of claim 1 , wherein the Group 2 element is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mg, and Sr.
9. The scintillation crystal of claim 8 , wherein the Group 2 element is Ca.
10. The scintillation crystal of claim 8 , wherein the Group 2 element has a second atomic concentration between 8 ppm and 3000 ppm atomic based on a total rare earth content of the scintillation crystal.
11. The scintillation crystal of claim 1 , wherein the second atomic concentration in the scintillation crystal is no greater than 150 atomic ppm based on a total rare earth content in the scintillation crystal.
12. A scintillation crystal comprising a formula of Lu (1-x) Y x SiO 5 :Ac, Me, wherein:
Ac is a first dopant and has a first atomic concentration in the scintillation crystal of at least 20 atomic ppm based on a total rare earth content in the scintillation crystal, wherein the first dopant is Ce, Pr, Tb, or any combination thereof;
Me is a second dopant and selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mg, and Sr and has a second atomic concentration that is at least 20 ppm atomic based on a total rare earth content of the scintillation crystal;
wherein 0<x<1; and
wherein the scintillation crystal has a decay time of no greater than 40 ns.
13. The scintillation crystal of claim 12 , wherein the second atomic concentration does not exceed 200 ppm atomic based on the total rare earth content of the scintillation crystal.
14. The scintillation crystal of claim 12 , wherein the second atomic concentration is at least 15 atomic ppm based on a total rare earth content in the scintillation crystal.
15. A scintillation crystal comprising a formula of Lu (1-x) Y x SiO 5 :Ce, Me, wherein:
Ce has a first atomic concentration in the scintillation crystal of at least 20 atomic ppm based on a total rare earth content in the scintillation crystal;
Me is a Group 2 element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mg, and Sr, and wherein the Group 2 element has a second atomic concentration between 8 ppm and 3000 ppm atomic based on a total rare earth content of the scintillation crystal;
wherein 0<x<1; and
wherein scintillation crystal has a decay time of no greater than 38 ns.
16. The scintillation crystal of claim 15 , the scintillation crystal has a decay time of no greater than 36 ns.
17. The scintillation crystal of claim 16 , wherein the second atomic concentration divided by the first atomic concentration is in a range of 0.4 to 2.5.
18. The scintillation crystal of claim 17 , wherein the second dopant is Ca and has a concentration in the scintillation crystal no greater than 160 atomic ppm based on a total rare earth content in the scintillation crystal.
19. The scintillation crystal of claim 18 , wherein the second dopant has a concentration in the scintillation crystal of at least 11 atomic ppm based on a total rare earth content in the scintillation crystal.
20. A radiation detection apparatus comprising:
the scintillation crystal of claim 15 ; and
a photosensor optically coupled to the scintillation crystal.