Passive techniques for long-term reactor cooling
In a pressurized water reactor (PWR), emergency core cooling (ECC) responds to depressurization due to a vessel penetration break at the top of the pressure vessel by draining water from a body of water through an injection line into the pressure vessel. A barrier operates concurrently with the ECC to suppress flow of liquid water from the pressure vessel out the vessel penetration break. The barrier may comprise one or more of: (1) an injection line extension passing through the central riser to drain water into the central riser; (2) openings in a lower portion of a central riser to shunt some upward flow from the central riser into a lower portion of the downcomer annulus; and (3) a surge line providing fluid communication between a pressurizer volume at the top of the pressure vessel and the remainder of the pressure vessel which directs water outboard toward the downcomer annulus.
1 . A method comprising:
operating a pressurized water reactor (PWR) comprising a pressure vessel containing a nuclear reactor core comprising fissile material; and
responding to a vessel penetration break at the top of the pressure vessel that results in depressurization of the pressure vessel by operations including:
draining water from a body of water through an injection line into the pressure vessel, and
during the draining, suppressing flow of liquid water from the pressure vessel out the vessel penetration break.
2 . The method of claim 1 wherein the operation of suppressing flow of liquid water from the pressure vessel out the vessel penetration break comprises:
during the draining, generating a counterflow in the pressure vessel in a direction opposite a flow of coolant water in the pressure vessel during the operating.
3 . The method of claim 1 wherein the PWR further comprises a central riser disposed inside the pressure vessel, the operating comprises circulating coolant water upward inside the central riser and downward in a downcomer annulus defined between the central riser and the pressure vessel, and the operation of suppressing flow of liquid water from the pressure vessel out the vessel penetration break comprises:
injecting the water from the body of water into the central riser.
4 . The method of claim 3 wherein the injecting comprises injecting the water from the body of water generally downward into the central riser.
5 . The method of claim 3 wherein the operation of suppressing flow of liquid water from the pressure vessel out the vessel penetration break further comprises:
shunting a portion of the upward flow of coolant water in the central riser through holes in the central riser and into a lower portion of the downcomer annulus without the shunted water reaching a top of the central riser.
6 . The method of claim 1 wherein the PWR further comprises a central riser disposed inside the pressure vessel, the operating comprises circulating coolant water upward inside the central riser and downward in a downcomer annulus defined between the central riser and the pressure vessel, and the operation of suppressing flow of liquid water from the pressure vessel out the vessel penetration break comprises:
shunting a portion of the upward flow of coolant water in the central riser through holes in the central riser and into a lower portion of the downcomer annulus without the shunted water reaching a top of the central riser.
7 . The method of claim 1 wherein the PWR further comprises (i) a central riser and (ii) an integral pressurizer defining a pressurizer volume at the top of the pressure vessel, wherein:
the operating includes (i) circulating coolant water upward inside the central riser and downward in a downcomer annulus defined between the central riser and the pressure vessel and (ii) operating pressure control elements of the integral pressurizer to control pressure in the pressurizer volume; and
the operation of suppressing flow of liquid water from the pressure vessel out the vessel penetration break includes directing surge flow between the pressurizer volume and the remainder volume of the pressure vessel outboard toward the downcomer annulus.
8 . The method of claim 1 wherein the body of water comprises a refueling water storage tank (RWST) disposed with the PWR inside a radiological containment structure and the method further comprises:
refueling the PWR using the RWST as a source of water for refilling the pressure vessel during the refueling.
9 . The method of claim 1 wherein the responding to a vessel penetration break at the top of the pressure vessel that results in depressurization of the pressure vessel further includes the operation of injecting pressurized water into the pressure vessel during depressurization of the pressure vessel.
10 . The method of claim 1 wherein the PWR further comprises an integral pressurizer defining a pressurizer volume at the top of the pressure vessel and the method further comprises:
preventing any loss of coolant accident (LOCA) from being generated by a break at a vessel penetration below the integral pressurizer by providing passive integral isolation valves on vessel penetrations located below the integral pressurizer.