Adjusting wait time between burn cycles or merging burn cycles
Passive reactivity control technologies that enable reactivity control of a nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) system with little to no active mechanical movement of circumferential control drums. By minimizing or eliminating the need for mechanical movement of the circumferential control drums during an NTP burn, the reactivity control technologies simplify controlling an NTP reactor and increase the overall performance of the NTP system. The reactivity control technologies mitigate and counteract the effects of xenon, the dominant fission product contributing to reactivity transients. Examples of reactivity control technologies include, employing burnable neutron poisons, tuning hydrogen pressure, adjusting wait time between burn cycles or merging burn cycles, and enhancement of temperature feedback mechanisms. The reactivity control technologies are applicable to low-enriched uranium NTP systems, including graphite composite fueled and tungsten ceramic and metal matrix (CERMET), or any moderated NTP system, such as highly-enriched uranium graphite composite NTP systems.
1. A nuclear thermal propulsion system, comprising:
a nuclear reactor core including:
an array of fuel elements; and
a propellant supply passage to flow a propellant;
a burn cycle controller to enable reactivity control of the nuclear reactor core and configured to:
determine: (i) an amount of xenon build-up in the nuclear reactor core after an initial burn cycle, and (ii) a depletion time necessary to reduce the xenon build-up to a sufficient level during a subsequent burn cycle; and
responsive to determining (i) the amount of xenon build-up in the nuclear reactor core after the initial burn cycle, and (ii) the depletion time necessary to reduce the xenon build-up to the sufficient level during the subsequent burn cycle, control burn cycles by:
adjusting at least one of: (a) a burn cycle time length, (b) a number of burn cycles, or (c) wait times between burn cycles; or
merging burn cycles.
2. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a turbopump assembly; and
a plurality of control drums;
wherein the burn cycle controller is further configured to control burn cycles by directly or indirectly adjusting movement of the turbopump assembly and the control drums.
3. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the determination of the amount of xenon build-up and the depletion time is made based on a calculation, including computer simulation or estimation, or empirical measurements.
4. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the adjusting at least one of: (a) the burn cycle time length, (b) the number of burn cycles, or (c) the wait times between burn cycles; or merging the burn cycles is implemented automatically in the burn cycle controller.
5. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein: (a) the burn cycle time length, (c) the number of burn cycles, or (c) the wait times between burn cycles; or the merging of the burn cycles are configured to be set by an operator via the burn cycle controller.
6. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the burn cycle controller is further configured to control burn cycles by:
setting a minimum wait time between burn cycles; and
determining whether the minimum wait time between burn cycles has elapsed.
7. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 6 , wherein:
the determining whether the minimum wait time between burn cycles has elapsed includes:
monitoring an elapsed time after a prior burn cycle; and
comparing the elapsed time against the minimum wait time; and
the burn cycle controller is further configured to initiate the subsequent burn cycle via the nuclear reactor core only upon determining that the minimum wait time is satisfied or exceeded.
8. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 6 , wherein the burn cycle controller is further configured to:
vary the minimum wait time between burn cycles over subsequent burn cycles.
9. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 8 , wherein varying the minimum wait time between burn cycles includes:
increasing the minimum wait time between a first burn cycle and a second burn cycle.
10. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 6 , wherein the burn cycle controller includes:
a processor;
a memory accessible to the processor; and
programming instructions stored in the memory, wherein execution of the programming instructions causes the burn cycle controller to:
set the minimum wait time between burn cycles; and
determine whether the minimum wait time between burn cycles has elapsed.
11. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the burn cycle controller is further configured to:
set a number of burn cycles, a time length of burn cycles, and a shutdown period between burn cycles; and
determine whether the time length of a respective burn cycle has not elapsed.
12. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 11 , wherein the burn cycle controller is further configured to:
in response to determining the time length of the respective burn cycle has not elapsed, continue to carry out the respective burn cycle.
13. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 11 , wherein the burn cycle controller is implemented via a digital or analog circuit or software programming instructions stored in a memory that are executed by a processor of a computer that are operable to set a cycle length timer to the time length of each burn cycle, set a counter to the number of burn cycles, and set one or multiple shutdown timers to the shutdown period between burn cycles.
14. The nuclear thermal propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the burn cycle controller comprises a computer that includes reactor control software, a digital or analog circuit, a mechanical timer switch, or a combination thereof.