COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR EYE HEAL TH COMPRISING AREDS AND VITAMIN B COMPLEX
The present disclosure describes compositions comprising comprising vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, copper, and a potent vitamin B complex and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing. The compositions are useful in methods for treating conditions associated with a loss of visual acuity including, for example, age-related macular degeneration.
1 . A composition for visual health comprising:
vitamin C, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
vitamin E, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
zinc, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
copper, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
vitamin B1, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
vitamin B2, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
vitamin B3, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
vitamin B5, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
vitamin B6, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
vitamin B7, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
vitamin B9, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing;
vitamin B12, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing, and
optionally further comprising lutein, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing; and/or zeaxanthin, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing.
2 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the vitamin C, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises ascorbic acid.
3 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the vitamin E, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises alpha-tocopherol.
4 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the zinc, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises zinc oxide.
5 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the copper, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises copper oxide.
6 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the lutein, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises lutein (R′,R′).
7 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the zeaxanthin, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises zeaxanthin (R′,R′).
8 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the vitamin B1, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises thiamin.
9 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the vitamin B2, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises riboflavin.
10 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the vitamin B3, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises nicotinic acid, niacinamide, or a combination of any of the foregoing.
11 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the vitamin B5, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises pantothenic acid.
12 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the vitamin B6, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises pyridoxine.
13 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the vitamin B7, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises biotin.
14 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the vitamin B9, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate.
15 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the vitamin B12, a prodrug thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing comprises cyanocobalamin.
16 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 350.0 mg to 800.0 mg of vitamin C or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin C.
17 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 50.0 mg to 550.0 mg of vitamin E or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin E.
18 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 20.0 mg to 90.0 mg of zinc or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zinc.
19 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 1.5 mg to 2.5 mg of copper or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of copper.
20 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 5.0 mg to 50.0 mg of lutein or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of lutein.
21 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 1.0 mg to 20.0 mg of zeaxanthin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zeaxanthin.
22 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 0.1 mg to 25 mg of thiamin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B1.
23 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 0.1 mg to 25 mg of riboflavin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B2.
24 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 1.0 mg to 300.0 mg of nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B3.
25 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 1.0 mg to 250.0 mg of pantothenic acid or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B5.
26 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 25.0 mg to 200.0 mg of pyridoxine or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B6.
27 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 0.01 mg to 1.0 mg of biotin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B7.
28 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 1.0 mg to 50.0 mg of folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B9.
29 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 0.25 mg to 3.0 mg of cyanocobalamin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B12.
30 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 350 mg to about 800 mg of vitamin C or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin C.
31 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 200 mg to about 550 mg of vitamin E or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin E.
32 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 20 mg to about 90 mg of zinc or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zinc.
33 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 1.5 mg to about 2.5 mg of copper or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of copper.
34 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 5 mg to about 50 mg of lutein or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of lutein.
35 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 1.0 mg to about 20.0 mg of zeaxanthin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zeaxanthin.
36 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 0.1 mg to about 25 mg of thiamin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B1.
37 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 0.1 mg to about 25 mg of riboflavin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B2.
38 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 1 mg to about 300 mg of nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B3.
39 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 1 mg to about 250 mg of pantothenic acid or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B5.
40 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 25 mg to about 200 mg of pyridoxine or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B6.
41 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg of biotin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B7.
42 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 1 mg to about 50 mg of folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B9.
43 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 0.25 mg to about 3 mg of cyanocobalamin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B12.
44 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: 500.0 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; 180.0 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; 80.0 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; 2.0 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; 1.5 mg thiamin; 1.7 mg riboflavin; 20.0 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; 10.0 mg pantothenic acid; 50.0 mg pyridoxine; 0.03 mg biotin; 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and 1.0 mg cyanocobalamin.
45 . The composition of claim 44 , further comprising 10.0 mg lutein and 2.0 mg zeaxanthin.
46 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: 500.0 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; 180.0 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopherol acetate; 25.0 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; 2.0 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; 10.0 mg R′,R′ lutein; 2.0 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; 1.5 mg thiamin; 1.7 mg riboflavin; 20.0 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; 10.0 mg pantothenic acid; 50.0 mg pyridoxine; 0.03 mg biotin; 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and 1.0 mg cyanocobalamin.
47 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: 500.0 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; 180.0 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; 80.0 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; 2.0 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; 10.0 mg R′,R′ lutein; 2.0 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; 3.0 mg thiamin; 3.4 mg riboflavin; 40.0 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; 20.0 mg pantothenic acid; 50.0 mg pyridoxine; 0.06 mg biotin; 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and 1.0 mg cyanocobalamin.
48 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: 500.0 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; 180.0 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; 25.0 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; 2.0 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; 10.0 mg R′,R′ lutein; 2.0 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; 3.0 mg thiamin; 3.4 mg riboflavin; 40.0 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; 20.0 mg pantothenic acid; 50.0 mg pyridoxine; 0.06 mg biotin; 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and 1.0 mg cyanocobalamin.
49 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: 500.0 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; 180.0 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; 80.0 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; 2.0 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; 10.0 mg R′,R′ lutein; 2.0 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; 4.5 mg thiamin; 5.1 mg riboflavin; 60.0 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; 30.0 mg pantothenic acid; 50.0 mg pyridoxine; 0.09 mg biotin; 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and 1.0 mg cyanocobalamin.
50 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: 500.0 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; 180.0 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; 25.0 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; 2.0 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; 10.0 mg R′,R′ lutein; 2.0 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; 4.5 mg thiamin; 5.1 mg riboflavin; 60.0 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; 30.0 mg pantothenic acid; 50.0 mg pyridoxine; 0.09 mg biotin; 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and 1.0 mg cyanocobalamin.
51 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: about 500 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; about 180 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; about 80 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; about 2 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; about 1.5 mg thiamin; about 1.7 mg riboflavin; about 20 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; about 10 mg pantothenic acid; about 50 mg pyridoxine; about 0.03 mg biotin; about 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and about 1 mg cyanocobalamin.
52 . The composition of claim 51 , further comprising about 10 mg lutein and about 2 mg zeaxanthin.
53 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: about 500 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; about 180 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; about 25 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; about 2 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; about 10 mg R′,R′ lutein; about 2 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; about 1 mg thiamin; about 1 mg riboflavin; about 20 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; about 10 mg pantothenic acid; about 50 mg pyridoxine; about 0.03 mg biotin; about 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and about 1 mg cyanocobalamin.
54 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: about 500 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; about 180 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; about 80 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; about 2 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; about 10 mg R′,R′ lutein; about 2 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; about 3 mg thiamin; about 3.4 mg riboflavin; about 40 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; about 20 mg pantothenic acid; about 50 mg pyridoxine; about 0.06 mg biotin; about 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and about 1 mg cyanocobalamin.
55 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: about 500 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; about 180 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; about 25 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; about 2 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; about 10 mg R′,R′ lutein; about 2 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; about 3 mg thiamin; about 3.4 mg riboflavin; about 40 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; about 20 mg pantothenic acid; about 50 mg pyridoxine; about 0.06 mg biotin; about 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and about 1 mg cyanocobalamin.
56 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: about 500 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; about 180 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; about 80 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; about 2 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; about 10 mg R′,R′ lutein; about 2 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; about 4.5 mg thiamin; about 5.1 mg riboflavin; about 60 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; about 30 mg pantothenic acid; about 50 mg pyridoxine; about 0.09 mg biotin; about 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and about 1 mg cyanocobalamin.
57 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: about 500 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; about 180 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; about 25 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; about 2 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; about 10 mg R′,R′ lutein; about 2 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; about 4.5 mg thiamin; about 5.1 mg riboflavin; about 60 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; about 30 mg pantothenic acid; about 50 mg pyridoxine; about 0.09 mg biotin; about 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and about 1 mg cyanocobalamin.
58 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises: about 500 mg vitamin C, optionally in the form of ascorbic acid; about 400 mg vitamin E, optionally in the form of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; about 80 mg zinc, optionally in the form of zinc oxide; about 2 mg copper, optionally in the form of copper oxide; about 10 mg R′,R′ lutein; about 2 mg R′,R′ zeaxanthin; about 3.0 mg thiamin; about 3.4 mg riboflavin; about 40 mg nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide; about 20 mg pantothenic acid; about 50 mg pyridoxine; about 0.06 mg biotin; about 2.5 mg folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate; and about 1 mg cyanocobalamin.
59 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is in the form of one or more tablets, capsules, soft gels, liquid, or powder.
60 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is in the form of an immediate release formulation or a modified release formulation.
61 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is formulated into one, two, three, or four dosage units for daily administration.
62 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is formulated into one, two, three, or four tablets for daily administration.
63 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein at least one vitamin is from a natural source of said vitamin.
64 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein at least one vitamin is from a synthetic source of said vitamin.
65 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises 60.0 mg to 850.0 mg of vitamin C or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin C; 15.0 mg to 800.0 mg of vitamin E or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin E; 15.0 mg to 100.0 mg of zinc or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zinc; 1.5 mg to 2.5 mg of copper or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of copper; 5.0 mg to 50.0 mg of lutein or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of lutein; 1.0 mg to 20.0 mg of zeaxanthin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zeaxanthin; 0.1 mg to 25.0 mg of thiamin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B1; 0.1 mg to 25.0 mg of riboflavin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B2; 1.0 mg to 300.0 mg of nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B3; 1.0 mg to 250.0 mg of pantothenic acid or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B5; 25.0 mg to 100.0 mg of pyridoxine or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B6; 0.01 mg to 1.0 mg of biotin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B7; 0.1 mg to 50.0 mg of folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B9; and 0.25 mg to 3.0 mg of cyanocobalamin_or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B12.
66 . The composition of claim 65 , wherein the composition comprises 350 mg to 800 mg of vitamin C or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin C; 50 mg to 550 mg of vitamin E or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin E; 20 mg to 90 mg of zinc or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zinc; 1.5 mg to 2.5 mg of copper or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of copper; 5.0 mg to 50.0 mg of lutein or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of lutein; 1.0 mg to 20.0 mg of zeaxanthin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zeaxanthin; 1.0 mg to 5.0 mg of thiamin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B1; 1.0 mg to 5.0 mg of riboflavin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B2; 15.0 mg to 35.0 mg of nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B3; 3.0 mg to 15.0 mg of pantothenic acid or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B5; 25.0 mg to 100.0 mg of pyridoxine or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B6; 0.01 mg to 1.0 mg of biotin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B7; 1.0 mg to 3.0 mg of folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B9; and 0.5 mg to 1.5 mg of cyanocobalamin_or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B12.
67 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises about 60 mg to about 850 mg of vitamin C or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin C; about 15 mg to about 800 mg of vitamin E or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin E; about 15 mg to about 100 mg of zinc or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zinc; about 1.5 mg to about 2.5 mg of copper or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of copper; about 5 mg to about 50 mg of lutein or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of lutein; about 1 mg to about 20 mg of zeaxanthin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zeaxanthin; about 0.1 mg to about 25 mg of thiamin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B1; about 0.1 mg to about 25 mg of riboflavin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B2; about 1 mg to about 300 mg of nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B3; about 1 mg to about 250 mg of pantothenic acid or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B5; about 25 mg to about 100 mg of pyridoxine or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B6; about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg of biotin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B7; about 0.1 mg to about 50 mg of folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B9; and about 0.25 mg to about 3 mg of cyanocobalamin_or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B12.
68 . The composition of claim 67 , wherein the composition comprises about 350 mg to about 800 mg of vitamin C or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin C; about 200 mg to about 550 mg of vitamin E or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin E; about 20 mg to about 90 mg of zinc or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zinc; about 1.5 mg to about 2.5 mg of copper or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable form, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of copper; about 5 mg to about 50 mg of lutein or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of lutein; about 1 mg to about 20 mg of zeaxanthin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of zeaxanthin; about 1 mg to about 5 mg of thiamin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B1; about 1 mg to about 5 mg of riboflavin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B2; about 15 mg to about 35 mg of nicotinic acid and/or niacinamide or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B3; about 3 mg to about 15 mg of pantothenic acid or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B5; about 25 mg to about 100 mg of pyridoxine or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B6; about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg of biotin or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B7; about 1 mg to about 3 mg of folic acid and/or methyl tetrahydrofolate or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B9; and about 0.5 mg to about 1.5 mg of cyanocobalamin_or an equivalent amount of a prodrug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug of vitamin B12.
69 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is on a daily dosage basis.
70 . A method of delaying the progression and/or onset macular degeneration, the method comprising administering to a person in need thereof the composition of claim 1 .
71 . A method for treating and/or preventing at least one disease, disorder, and/or condition associated with a loss of visual acuity, the method comprising administering to a subject the composition of claim 1 .
72 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition is administered daily to the subject in one, two, three, or four daily doses.