EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES FOR THERAPY

1 . An isolated extracellular vesicle (EV) comprising (i) at least one antigen derived from a coronavirus, (ii) at least a first scaffold moiety, and (iii) at least one targeting moiety.

2 - 30 . (canceled)

31 . The EV of claim 1 , wherein a first antigen is linked to the first scaffold moiety.

32 . The EV of claim 1 , wherein a second antigen is linked to the first scaffold moiety.

33 . The EV of claim 1 , wherein the EV further comprises a second scaffold moiety.

34 . The EV of claim 33 , wherein a first antigen is linked to the first scaffold moiety, and a second antigen is linked to the second scaffold moiety.

35 . The EV of claim 33 , wherein the first scaffold moiety and the second scaffold moiety are the same.

36 . (canceled)

37 . The EV of claim 1 , wherein the first scaffold moiety is a Scaffold X, wherein the Scaffold X is selected from the group consisting of prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator (the PTGFRN protein); basigin (the BSG protein); immunoglobulin superfamily member 2 (the IGSF2 protein); immunoglobulin superfamily member 3 (the IGSF3 protein); immunoglobulin superfamily member 8 (the IGSF8 protein); integrin beta-1 (the ITGB1 protein); integrin alpha-4 (the ITGA4 protein); 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain (the SLC3A2 protein); a class of ATP transporter proteins (the ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, ATP1A4, ATP1B3, ATP2B1, ATP2B2, ATP2B3, ATP2B4 proteins), and any combination thereof.

38 . The EV of claim 1 , wherein the first scaffold moiety is a Scaffold Y, wherein the Scaffold Y is selected from the group consisting of myristoylated alanine rich Protein Kinase C substrate (the MARCKS protein); myristoylated alanine rich Protein Kinase C substrate like 1 (the MARCKSL1 protein); brain acid soluble protein 1 (the BASP1 protein), and any combination thereof.

39 . The EV of claim 33 , wherein the second scaffold moiety is a Scaffold X or a Scaffold Y.

40 . (canceled)

41 . The EV of claim 34 , wherein the first scaffold moiety or the second scaffold moiety is capable of: (i) anchoring the first antigen on the luminal surface of the EV; (ii) anchoring the first antigen on the exterior surface of the EV; (iii) anchoring the second antigen on the luminal surface of the EV; (iv) anchoring the second antigen on the exterior surface of the EV; or (v) any combinations thereof.

42 - 66 . (canceled)

67 . The EV of claim 33 , wherein the first scaffold moiety or the second scaffold moiety comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or about 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3 or 33.

68 - 70 . (canceled)

71 . The EV of claim 33 , wherein the first scaffold moiety or the second scaffold moiety comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 50-155.

72 - 73 . (canceled)

74 . The EV of claim 1 , wherein the EV further comprises an adjuvant, wherein the adjuvant is a Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) agonist, a toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist, an inflammatory mediator, RIG-I agonists, alpha-gal-cer (NKT agonist), heat shock proteins (e.g., HSP65 and HSP70), C-type lectin agonists (e.g., beta glucan (Dectin 1), chitin, and curdlan), or any combination thereof.

75 - 86 . (canceled)

87 . The EV of claim 1 , wherein the EV is an exosome.

88 . (canceled)

89 . The EV of claim 1 , wherein the targeting moiety specifically binds to a marker for a dendritic cell or a T cell.

90 - 101 . (canceled)

102 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising the EV of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

103 - 108 . (canceled)

109 . A method of preventing or treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the EV of claim 1 , wherein the disease is an infection and is associated with the antigen.

110 - 120 . (canceled)

121 . The EV of claim 74 , wherein the antigen, adjuvant, immune modulator, and/or targeting moiety is linked to a surface of the EV by an anchoring moiety, affinity agent, chemical conjugation, cell penetrating peptide (CPP), split intein, SpyTag/SpyCatcher, ALFA-tag, Streptavidin/Avitag, Sortase, SNAP-tag, ProA/Fc-binding peptide, or any combinations thereof.

122 - 131 . (canceled)

132 . The method of preparing an EV for a vaccine, comprising loading an antigen to an EV that has been isolated from a producer cell, wherein the antigen is derived from a coronavirus, an influenza virus, an Ebola virus, a Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCGF) virus, a Hendra virus, a Lassa virus, a Marburg virus, a monkeypox virus, a Nipah virus, a Hendra virus, a Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus, a Variola virus, a yellow fever virus, a Zika virus, a measles virus, a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a hepatitis C virus (HCV), a dengue fever virus (DENV), a parvovirus (e.g., B19 virus), a norvovirus, a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a lentivirus, an adenovirus, a flavivirus, a filovirus, a rhinovirus, a human papillomavirus (HPV), or any combination thereof.

133 - 134 . (canceled)

135 . A method of manufacturing a vaccine for a disease or disorder, comprising loading an antigen to the EV of that has been isolated from a producer cell, wherein the time required for manufacturing the vaccine (“manufacturing time) is reduced compared to a reference manufacturing time (e.g., manufacturing time of a method wherein the loading of the antigen occurs by introducing the antigen into the producer cell, or manufacturing time of a method for producing a vaccine that does not comprise an EV, such as a traditional peptide vaccine), wherein the manufacturing time is reduced by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or more, compared to the reference manufacturing time.

136 - 150 . (canceled)