Fuel cell staging for molten carbonate fuel cells
Systems and methods are provided for using fuel cell staging to reduce or minimize variations in current density when operating molten carbonate fuel cells with elevated CO 2 utilization. The fuel cell staging can mitigate the amount of alternative ion transport that occurs when operating molten carbonate fuel cells under conditions for elevated CO 2 utilization.
1. A method for producing electricity, the method comprising:
introducing an anode input stream comprising H 2 , a reformable fuel, or a combination thereof into a first anode stage of a plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages;
introducing a cathode input stream comprising O 2 and CO 2 into a first cathode stage of the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages;
passing a second anode input stream into a second anode stage of the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages;
passing an intermediate cathode output into a second cathode stage of the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages; and
operating the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages to generate i) electricity at an average current density of 80 mA/cm 2 or more, ii) an anode exhaust from the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages comprising H 2 , CO, and CO 2 , and iii) a cathode exhaust from the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages comprising CO 2 , 1.0 vol % or more of O 2 , and 1.0 vol % or more of H 2 O,
wherein a combined measured CO 2 utilization across the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages is 70% or more, and wherein a calculated CO 2 utilization in the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages calculated based on the average current density is greater than the combined measured CO 2 utilization by 5% or more.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode input stream comprises 5.0 vol % or less of CO 2 , or wherein the cathode exhaust comprises 1.0 vol % or less of CO 2 , or a combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second anode input stream comprises at least a portion of an intermediate anode output stream, the intermediate anode output stream optionally comprising an output from the first anode stage.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising: passing a second anode intermediate output into a third anode stage, the anode exhaust comprising an output from the third anode stage; and passing a second cathode intermediate output into a third cathode stage, the cathode exhaust comprising an output from the third cathode stage, wherein the first anode stage, the second anode stage, and the third anode stage are arranged in a co-current manner or a counter-current manner relative to the first cathode stage, the second cathode stage, and the third cathode stage.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein a measured CO 2 utilization in the first cathode stage is different from the combined measured CO 2 utilization.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least the first anode stage, the second anode stage, the first cathode stage, and the second cathode stage are operated in a co-current, cross-flow manner; or wherein at least the first anode stage, the second anode stage, the first cathode stage, and the second cathode stage are operated in a counter-current, cross-flow manner.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode exhaust comprises an anode output from the second anode stage, or wherein the cathode exhaust comprises a cathode output from the second cathode stage, or a combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate cathode output comprises an output from the first cathode stage.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electricity is generated at the average current density of 120 mA/cm 2 or more.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein a combined voltage drop across the first cathode stage and the second cathode stage is 0.4 V or less, or wherein the electricity is generated at a voltage of 0.55 V or more, or a combination thereof.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein a combined fuel utilization across the first anode stage and the second anode stage is 60% or more, or wherein the combined fuel utilization across the first anode stage and the second anode stage is 55% or less.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein an H 2 concentration in the anode exhaust is 5.0 vol % or more, or wherein a combined concentration of H 2 and CO in the anode exhaust is 6.0 vol % or more, or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages is operated at a thermal ratio of 0.25 to about 1.0; or wherein an amount of the reformable fuel introduced into the first anode stage, an internal reforming element associated with the first anode stage, or a combination thereof, is at least 75% greater than an amount of hydrogen reacted in the first anode stage to generate electricity; or a combination thereof.
14. A method for producing electricity, the method comprising:
introducing an anode input stream comprising H 2 , a reformable fuel, or a combination thereof into a first anode stage of a plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages;
introducing a cathode input stream comprising O 2 and 5.0 vol % or less CO 2 into a first cathode stage of the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages;
passing a second anode input stream into a second anode stage of the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages;
passing an intermediate cathode output into a second cathode stage of the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages; and
operating the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages to generate i) electricity at an average current density of 80 mA/cm 2 or more, ii) an anode exhaust from the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages comprising H 2 , CO, and CO 2 , and iii) a cathode exhaust from the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages comprising a CO 2 content of 1.0 vol % or less,
wherein a combined measured CO 2 utilization across the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages is 70% or more, and wherein a calculated CO 2 utilization in the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages calculated based on the average current density is greater than the combined measured CO 2 utilization, the calculated CO 2 utilization optionally being greater than the combined measured CO 2 utilization by 5.0% or more.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the second anode input stream comprises at least a portion of an intermediate anode output stream, the intermediate anode output stream optionally comprising an output from the first anode stage.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising: passing a second anode intermediate output into a third anode stage, the anode exhaust comprising an output from the third anode stage; and passing a second cathode intermediate output into a third cathode stage, the cathode exhaust comprising an output from the third cathode stage, wherein the first anode stage, the second anode stage, and the third anode stage are arranged in a co-current manner or a counter-current manner relative to the first cathode stage, the second cathode stage, and the third cathode stage.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein a measured CO 2 utilization in the first cathode stage is different from the combined measured CO 2 utilization.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein at least the first anode stage, the second anode stage, the first cathode stage, and the second cathode stage are operated in a co-current, cross-flow manner; or wherein at least the first anode stage, the second anode stage, the first cathode stage, and the second cathode stage are operated in a counter-current, cross-flow manner.
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein an H 2 concentration in the anode exhaust is 5.0 vol % or more, or wherein a combined concentration of H 2 and CO in the anode is exhaust is 6.0 vol % or more, or a combination thereof.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cell stages is operated at a thermal ratio of 0.25 to about 1.0; or wherein an amount of the reformable fuel introduced into the first anode stage, an internal reforming element associated with the first anode stage, or a combination thereof, is at least 75% greater than an amount of hydrogen reacted in the first anode stage to generate electricity; or a combination thereof.