Methods for making a ceramic reinforced metal composite for hermetic bodies for implantable devices
A ceramic reinforced metal composite (CRMC) comprising a composition composite as an interpenetrating network of at least two interconnected composites is described. The interpenetrating networks comprise a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) and a metal matrix composite (MMC). The composition composite is particularly useful as an electrically conductive pathway extending through the ceramic body of a hermetically sealed component, for example, a feedthrough in an active implantable medical device (AIMD).
1. A method, comprising the steps of:
a) mixing metal-containing particles and ceramic particles to form a mixed particles powder;
b) heating the mixed particles powder to a temperature that ranges from about 350° C. to <1,000° C. to soften the metal particles without causing the ceramic particles to undergo a phase change and without sintering the ceramic particles so that the metal of the metal-containing particles flows over and coalesces with the ceramic particles to form metal-ceramic composite particles; and
c) attriting or sieving the metal-ceramic composite particles to form a metal-ceramic composite particle powder ranging in size from about 1 μm to about 50 μm.
2. The method of claim 1 , including providing the ceramic particles comprising Al 2 O 3 and the metal-containing particles comprising platinum, and heating the mixed particles powder to a temperature that ranges from about 400° C. to about 900° C.
3. The method of claim 1 , including after the heating step b), subjecting the metal-ceramic composite particles to a reduction treatment in a nitrogen and hydrogen gas mixture at a temperature that ranges from about 200° C. to about 700° C.
4. The method of claim 1 , including mixing the metal-ceramic composite particle powder with a solvent to form a metal-ceramic composite particle flowable medium selected from one of:
a) an ink having a metal-ceramic composite particle volume loading ranging from about 1 volume & to about 40 volume % and a viscosity ranging from about 0.1 cP to about 50,000 cP;
b) a paste having a metal-ceramic composite particle volume loading ranging from about 20 volume % to about 90 volume & and a viscosity ranging from about 1×10 5 cP to about 1×10 10 cP; and
c) a gel having a metal-ceramic composite particle volume loading ranging from about 40 volume % to about 80 volume % and a viscosity ranging from about 10,000 cP to about 500,000 cP.
5. The method of claim 1 , including selecting the metal of the metal-containing particles from gold, platinum, palladium, silver, iridium, rhenium, rhodium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, niobium, zirconium, vanadium, alloys, and combinations thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , including selecting the ceramic particles from alumina, baria, calcia, ceria, magnesia, silica, strontia, titania, zirconia ceramic families, and combinations thereof.
7. A method for manufacturing a feedthrough, comprising the steps of:
a) forming a ceramic reinforced metal composite (CRMC), comprising the steps of:
i) mixing metal-containing particles and ceramic particles to form a mixed particles powder;
ii) heating the mixed particles powder to a temperature that ranges from about 350° C. to <1,000° C. to soften the metal of the metal-containing particles without causing the ceramic particles to undergo a phase change and without sintering the ceramic particles so that the metal of the metal-containing particles flows over and coalesces with the ceramic particles to form metal-ceramic composite particles;
iii) attriting or sieving the metal-ceramic composite particles to form a metal-ceramic composite particle powder ranging in size from ≥1 nanometer to ≤45 microns; and
iv) mixing the metal-ceramic composite particle powder with a solvent to form a metal-ceramic composite particle flowable medium;
b) forming a green-state ceramic body, comprising the steps of:
i) forming a ceramic body in a green state, the green-state ceramic body having a ceramic body first side opposite a ceramic body second side;
ii) forming at least a first via hole extending through the green-state ceramic body to the first and second sides;
iii) filling the first via hole in the green-state ceramic body with the metal-ceramic composite particle flowable medium extending to a metal-ceramic composite particle flowable medium first end residing at or adjacent to the ceramic body first side and a metal-ceramic composite particle flowable medium second end residing at or adjacent to the ceramic body second side;
iv) drying the green-state ceramic body including the metal-ceramic composite particle flowable medium in the first via hole to thereby form a dried metal-ceramic composite material filling the first via hole in the ceramic body; and
v) sintering the green-state ceramic body including the dried metal-ceramic composite material in the first via hole to thereby transform the green-state ceramic body into a sintered ceramic body and to transform the dried metal-ceramic composite material into a hermetically sealed electrically conductive ceramic reinforced metal composite (CRMC) pathway extending to or adjacent to the ceramic body first and second sides in the first via hole; and
c) providing an electrically conductive ferrule comprising a ferrule opening; and
d) hermetically sealing the sintered ceramic body comprising the electrically conductive CRMC pathway to the ferrule in the ferrule opening.
8. The method of claim 7 , further including:
a) providing the metal of the metal-containing particles comprising platinum and the ceramic particles comprising alumina (Al 2 O 3 ); and
b) heating the mixed platinum and alumina particles powder to a temperature that ranges from about 400° C. to about 900° C. to soften the platinum without causing the alumina to undergo a phase change and without sintering the alumina so that the platinum flows over and coalesces into direct contact with the alumina to form platinum-alumina composite particles as the metal-ceramic composite particles.
9. The method of claim 1 , further including after the attriting or sieving step, mixing the metal-ceramic composite particle powder with a first solvent to form a metal-ceramic composite particle flowable medium.
10. The method of claim 1 , including providing the ceramic particles comprising alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) and the metal of the metal-containing particles comprising platinum to provide mixed platinum-containing and alumina particles, and heating the mixed platinum-containing and alumina particles to a temperature that ranges from about 400° C. to about 900° C. to soften the platinum without causing the alumina to undergo a phase change and without causing the alumina to sinter so that the platinum flows over and coalesces into direct contact with the alumina to form platinum-alumina composite particles as the metal-ceramic composite particles.
11. The method of claim 1 , including providing the metal of the metal-containing particles at ≥25%, by volume, of the mixed particles powder.
12. A method, comprising the steps of:
a) mixing platinum-containing particles and alumina particles to form a mixed platinum-containing and alumina particles powder;
b) heating the mixed platinum-containing and alumina particles powder to a temperature that ranges from about 350° C. to about 900° C. to soften the platinum without causing the alumina to undergo a phase change and without sintering the alumina so that the platinum of the platinum-containing particles flows over and coalesces with the alumina to form platinum-containing-alumina composite particles; and
c) subjecting the platinum-containing-alumina composite particles to a reduction treatment in a nitrogen and hydrogen gas mixture at a temperature that ranges from about 200° C. to about 700° C.
13. The method of claim 12 , further including after the heating step b), attriting or sieving the platinum-containing-alumina composite particles to form a platinum-containing-alumina composite particle powder ranging in size from ≥1 nanometer (nm) to ≤45 microns (μm).
14. The method of claim 13 , including mixing the platinum-containing-alumina composite particle powder with a solvent to form a platinum-containing-alumina composite particle flowable medium selected from one of:
a) an ink having a platinum-containing-alumina composite particle powder volume loading ranging from about 1 volume % to about 40 volume % and a viscosity ranging from about 0.1 cP to about 50,000 cP;
b) a paste having a platinum-containing-alumina composite particle powder volume loading ranging from about 20 volume & to about 90 volume % and a viscosity ranging from about 1×10 5 cP to about 1×10 10 cP; and
c) a gel having a platinum-containing-alumina composite particle powder volume loading ranging from about 40 volume % to about 80 volume % and a viscosity ranging from about 10,000 cP to about 500,000 cP.
15. A method, comprising the steps of:
a) mixing platinum-containing particles and alumina particles to form a mixed platinum-containing and alumina particles powder;
b) heating the mixed platinum-containing and alumina particles powder to a temperature that ranges from about 350° C. to about 900° C. to soften the platinum without causing the alumina to undergo a phase change and without sintering the alumina so that the platinum of the platinum-containing particles flows over and coalesces with the alumina to form platinum-containing-alumina composite particles; and
c) mixing the platinum-containing-alumina composite particles with a solvent to form a platinum-containing-alumina composite particles flowable medium selected from one of:
i) an ink having a platinum-containing-alumina composite particles volume loading ranging from about 1 volume % to about 40 volume & and a viscosity ranging from about 0.1 cP to about 50,000 cP;
ii) a paste having a platinum-containing-alumina composite particles volume loading ranging from about 20 volume % to about 90 volume % and a viscosity ranging from about 1×10 5 cP to about 1 ×10 10 cP; and
iii) a gel having a platinum-containing-alumina composite particles volume loading ranging from about 40 volume % to about 80 volume & and a viscosity ranging from about 10,000 cP to about 500,000 cP.
16. The method of claim 15 , further including after the heating step b), attriting or sieving the platinum-containing-alumina composite particles to form a platinum-containing-alumina composite particle powder ranging in size from about 1 μm to about 50 μmm.
17. The method of claim 15 , further including after the heating step b), attriting or sieving the platinum-containing-alumina composite particles to form a platinum-containing-alumina composite particle powder ranging in size from about ≥1 μm to about ≤45 μm.
18. The method of claim 7 , including providing the CRMC pathway as a conductive via, a circuit trace, an electrical connection pad, a conductive pocket, a conductive hermetic seal, an electrode, a track, a conductive trough, a conductive channel, and combinations thereof.