System for fusing thermoplastic composite structures
A system for fusing thermoplastic composite structures includes a skin and a substructure on an inner surface of the skin. The system also includes a shaping surface of a tool, with the skin laid up on the shaping surface. The shaping surface is configured to maintain the shape of an outer mold line. The system further includes at least one insulation layer applied over a flange of the substructure and over exposed portions of the inner surface of the skin not in contact with the substructure, and a vacuum bag at least partly enclosing the skin and the substructure. Heat can be applied to the shaping surface to fuse the substructure to the skin such that the skin exceeds its melting point and at least a portion of a raised segment of the substructure does not exceed its melting point.
1. A system for fusing composite structures, the system comprising: a composite part comprising—
a substructure comprising a flange and a raised segment, the flange comprising a faying surface; a skin comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the second side of the skin comprising: (A) another faying surface contacting the faying surface of the flange, and (B) an exposed portion not contacted by the substructure;
a discontinuous insulation layer covering the flange opposite the faying surface of the flange and covering the exposed portion of the skin, the insulation layer being at least two-tenths of an inch (0.2″) thick under ambient pressure; a tool comprising—a shaping surface in a shape of an outer mold line and receiving the first side of the skin;
a heating element supplying heat to the shaping surface; and a vacuum bag covering the composite part such that the composite part is at least partially enclosed by the combination of the vacuum bag and the shaping surface of the tool.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the vacuum bag comprises a first side adjacent the composite part and a second side opposite the first side, the system further comprising a coolant fluid in contact with the second side of the vacuum bag, the coolant fluid being at a lower temperature than the composite part.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein—
the vacuum bag includes a contact surface of the first side of the vacuum bag in direct contact with an underlying surface,
the raised segment has a through-thickness R-value taken along a line perpendicular to the contact surface,
the underlying surface comprises a portion of one of: (i) the raised segment; and (ii) a material interposed between the first side of the vacuum bag and the raised segment that has a through-thickness R-value, taken along the line, that is less than one thousand (1000) times the through thickness R-value of the raised segment taken along the line.
4. The system of claim 2 , further comprising an interposed material comprising a conductive heat sink between the raised segment and the first side of the vacuum bag.
5. The system of claim 2 , wherein—
the insulation layer is sized such that steady-state application of heat by the heating element to the shaping surface causes the faying surface of the flange to fuse with the faying surface of the second side of the skin while concurrently an upper side of the insulation layer and a portion of the first side of the vacuum bag covering the raised segment are each maintained below a melting or decomposition temperature of the vacuum bag.
6. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a release layer between the exposed portion of the second side of the skin and the insulation layer.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the skin comprises a plurality of composite layers and the insulation layer is sized such that steady-state application of heat by the heating element to the shaping surface causes each of the plurality of composite layers to fuse with adjacent ones of the plurality of composite layers.
8. The system of claim 2 , further comprising an autoclave containing the composite part, the tool, and the vacuum bag, wherein the coolant fluid is pressurized by the autoclave above fourteen and seven-tenths pounds per square inch absolute (14.7 psia) during steady-state heating.
9. The system of claim 2 , further comprising an impeller powering flow of the coolant fluid across the second side of the vacuum bag and a vane shaped to redirect the flow of the coolant fluid toward the vacuum bag.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the tool comprises a sidewall covered by a tool insulation layer and at least one cooled portion, the at least one cooled portion each having an outer surface receiving perimeter portions of the vacuum bag and the at least one cooled portion being of a sufficient thinness to maintain each outer surface below a melting point of the vacuum bag during steady-state heating.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein—
the second side of the skin comprises a third faying surface,
the substructure comprises a second flange and a second raised segment, the second flange comprising a fourth faying surface contacting the third faying surface of the skin,
the insulation layer comprises first and second discontinuous panels having corresponding first and second pre-determined widths,
the second panel of the insulation layer is applied over the flange of the substructure and the second pre-determined width establishes a pre-determined separation between the raised segment and the second raised segment,
the first panel of the insulation layer is applied so that the first pre-determined width establishes a pre-determined separation between the raised segment and a reference feature of the shaping surface.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the insulation layer does not cover the raised segment of the substructure.
13. A system for fusing composite structures, the system comprising:
a composite part comprising—
a substructure comprising a flange and a raised segment, the flange comprising a faying surface;
a skin comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the second side of the skin comprising: (A) another faying surface contacting the faying surface of the flange, and (B) an exposed portion not contacted by the substructure;
an insulation layer covering the flange opposite the faying surface of the flange and covering the exposed portion of the skin, but not covering the raised segment of the substructure;
a tool comprising—
a shaping surface in a shape of an outer mold line and receiving the first side of the skin;
a heating element supplying heat to the shaping surface; and
a vacuum bag covering the composite part such that the composite part is at least partially enclosed by the combination of the vacuum bag and the shaping surface of the tool.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the vacuum bag comprises a first side adjacent the composite part and a second side opposite the first side, the system further comprising a coolant fluid in contact with the second side of the vacuum bag, the coolant fluid being at a lower temperature than the composite part.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein—
the vacuum bag includes a contact surface of the first side of the vacuum bag in direct contact with an underlying surface,
the raised segment has a through-thickness R-value taken along a line perpendicular to the contact surface,
the underlying surface comprises a portion of one of: (i) the raised segment; and (ii) a material interposed between the first side of the vacuum bag and the raised segment that has a through-thickness R-value, taken along the line, that is less than one thousand (1000) times the through thickness R-value of the raised segment taken along the line.
16. The system of claim 14 , further comprising an interposed material comprising a conductive heat sink between the raised segment and the first side of the vacuum bag.
17. The system of claim 14 , wherein—
the insulation layer is sized such that steady-state application of heat by the heating element to the shaping surface causes the faying surface of the flange to fuse with the faying surface of the second side of the skin while concurrently an upper side of the insulation layer and a portion of the first side of the vacuum bag covering the raised segment are each maintained below a melting or decomposition temperature of the vacuum bag.
18. The system of claim 13 , further comprising a release layer between the exposed portion of the second side of the skin and the insulation layer, wherein the skin comprises a plurality of composite layers and the insulation layer is sized such that steady-state application of heat by the heating element to the shaping surface causes each of the plurality of composite layers to fuse with adjacent ones of the plurality of composite layers.
19. The system of claim 14 , further comprising: an autoclave containing the composite part, the tool, and the vacuum bag, wherein the coolant fluid is pressurized by the autoclave above fourteen and seven-tenths pounds per square inch absolute (14.7 psia) during steady-state heating; and an impeller powering flow of the coolant fluid across the second side of the vacuum bag and a vane shaped to redirect the flow of the coolant fluid toward the vacuum bag.
20. A system for fusing composite structures, the system comprising:
a composite part comprising—
a substructure comprising a first flange, a second flange, a first raised segment, and a second raised segment, the first flange comprising a first faying surface, the second flange comprising a second faying surface, and
a skin comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the second side of the skin comprising: (A) a third faying surface contacting the first faying surface of the first flange, (B) an exposed portion between the first flange and the second flange, and (C) a fourth faying surface contacting the second faying surface of the second flange;
an insulation layer comprising first and second discontinuous panels having corresponding first and second pre-determined widths, wherein at least one of the first and second discontinuous panels is located between and maintains a pre-determined separation between the first raised segment and the second raised segment, said pre-determined separation corresponding to the first or second pre-determined widths, wherein the insulation layer:
covers the first flange opposite the first faying surface of the first flange,
covers the second flange opposite the second faying surface of the second flange, and
covers the exposed portion of the skin, but does not cover the first raised segment or the second raised segment;
a tool comprising—
a shaping surface in a shape of an outer mold line and receiving the first side of the skin;
a heating element supplying heat to the shaping surface;
a vacuum bag covering the composite part such that the composite part is at least partially enclosed by the combination of the vacuum bag and the shaping surface of the tool, wherein the vacuum bag comprises a first side facing the composite part and a second side opposite the first side; and
a coolant fluid in contact with the second side of the vacuum bag, the coolant fluid being at a lower temperature than the composite part.
21. A system for fusing composite structures, the system comprising:
a composite part comprising—
a substructure comprising a flange and a raised segment, the flange comprising a faying surface;
a skin comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the second side of the skin comprising: (A) another faying surface contacting the faying surface of the flange, and (B) an exposed portion not contacted by the substructure;
an insulation layer covering the flange opposite the faying surface of the flange and covering the exposed portion of the skin, the insulation layer being at least two-tenths of an inch (0.2″) thick under ambient pressure;
a tool comprising—
a shaping surface in a shape of an outer mold line and receiving the first side of the skin;
a heating element supplying heat to the shaping surface; and
a vacuum bag covering the composite part such that the composite part is at least partially enclosed by the combination of the vacuum bag and the shaping surface of the tool;
wherein the vacuum bag comprises a first side adjacent the composite part and a second side opposite the first side, the system further comprising a coolant fluid in contact with the second side of the vacuum bag, the coolant fluid being at a lower temperature than the composite part;
wherein the system further comprises an autoclave containing the composite part, the tool, and the vacuum bag, wherein the coolant fluid is pressurized by the autoclave during steady-state heating.