Coherent graphene in a metal lattice
Inventive techniques for forming unique compositions of matter are disclosed, as well as various advantageous physical characteristics, and associated properties of the resultant materials. In particular, metal(s) (including various alloys, such as Inconel superalloys) are characterized by having carbon disposed within the metal lattice structure thereof. The carbon is primarily, or entirely, present at interstitial sites of the metal lattice, and may be present in amounts ranging from about 15 wt % to about 90 wt %. The carbon, moreover, forms non-polar covalent bonds with both metal atoms of the lattice and other carbon atoms present in the lattice. This facilitates substantially homogeneous dispersal of the carbon throughout the resultant material, conveying unique and advantageous properties such as strength-to-weight ratio, density, mechanical toughness, sheer strength, flex strength, hardness, anti-corrosiveness, electrical and/or thermal conductivity, etc. as described herein. In some approaches, the composition of matter may be powderized, or the powder may be pelletized.
1. A composition of matter, comprising one or more particles, wherein at least some of the one or more particles independently comprise a metal lattice having one or more coherent, planar layers of graphene disposed in the metal lattice.
2. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein at least some carbon atoms of the one or more coherent, planar layers of graphene are disposed in interstitial sites within the metal lattice.
3. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the one or more coherent, planar layers of graphene are interlaced interstitially between basal planes of the metal lattice.
4. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal lattice comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting of: aluminum, copper, iron, nickel, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, manganese, niobium, and combinations thereof.
5. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the one or more coherent, planar layers of graphene consist of a single layer of the graphene.
6. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the one or more coherent, planar layers of graphene include at least five layers of the graphene, and no more than fifteen layers of the graphene.
7. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein at least some carbon atoms of the one or more layers of graphene are covalently bonded to metal atoms of the metal lattice.
8. The composition of matter as recited in claim 7 , wherein the covalent bonds between carbon atoms of the graphene and the metal atoms comprise non-polar covalent bonds.
9. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein at least some carbon atoms of the one or more layers of graphene are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms of the one or more layers of graphene.
10. The composition of matter as recited in claim 9 , wherein the covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the graphene comprise non-polar covalent bonds.
11. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the one or more particles substantially exclude polar covalent bonds.
12. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal lattice of each of the one or more particles substantially excludes ionic bonds.
13. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the one or more coherent, planar layers of graphene are each independently substantially devoid of defects.
14. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein each of the one or more particles independently comprises from about 15 wt % carbon to about 90 wt % carbon.
15. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal lattice comprises from about 15 wt % to about 60 wt % carbon at interstitial sites thereof.
16. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal lattice is characterized by a crystalline structure selected from face centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and hexagonal close packed (HCC).
17. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein each particle is characterized by a lack of carbon aggregate(s) and/or agglomerate(s) at grain boundaries thereof.
18. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein each of the one or more particles is characterized by a diameter in a range from about 20 nm to about 3.5 μm.
19. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein a largest discernable feature size of the composition of matter is in a range from about 0.1 nm to about 1 μm.
20. The composition of matter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the one or more particles are pressed into a pellet.