METHODS FOR PREDICTING AND TREATING LAMENESS
The present disclosure provides methods for quantitating the degree of lameness in pigs based on serum biomarker levels. Also provided are methods for treating lameness in pigs induced by fast body weight gain, wherein the methods comprise administering at least one organic mineral. The present disclosure also provides methods for detecting lameness in pigs based upon the levels of saliva biomarkers.
1 . A method for quantifying lameness in a pig, the method comprising:
(a) determining a level of at least one biomarker and/or a ratio of two biomarkers in a serum sample from the pig, wherein the at least one biomarker is C2C, CTX1, CTX2, OC, or P2CP, and the ratio of two biomarkers is OC/CTX1, P2CP/C2C, or P2CP/CTX2;
(b) generating a test score by standardizing the data from (a) to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1; and
(c) using the test score to quantify lameness, wherein increasing deviation of the test score from the mean correlates with increased lameness.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein an increase or decrease from about 0.1 to about 0.2 units from the mean correlates with a lameness gait score of about 2.0.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein an increase or decrease of about 0.3 to about 0.5 units from the mean correlates with a lameness gait score of about 3.0.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein an increase or decrease of about 0.5 units from the mean or greater correlates with a lameness gait score of about 4.0.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the relationship between test scores and gait scores is shown in FIG. 1 .
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein increasingly positive test scores for P2CP, P2CP/C2C, and P2CP/CTX2 correlate with increased lameness.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein increasingly negative test scores for C2C, CTX1, and OC correlate with increased lameness.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the lameness is due to natural causes or due to fast body weight gain.
9 . A method for treating lameness due to fast body weight gain in a pig, the method comprising administering at least one metal chelate of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) to the pig, wherein administering the at least one metal chelate of MHA reduces symptoms of lameness as compared to administering at least one inorganic mineral to a comparable pig afflicted with lameness.
10 . A method for treating lameness due to fast body weight gain in a pig, the method comprising administering at least one organic mineral to the pig, wherein administering the at least one organic mineral increases the serum level of OC, decreases the serum level of P2CP, decreases the serum ratio of P2CP/C2C, decreases the serum ratio of P2CP/CTX2, and/or increases the serum ratio of OC/CTX1 and reduces symptoms of lameness as compared to administering at least one inorganic mineral to a comparable pig afflicted with lameness.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the at least one organic mineral comprises at least one metal ion bonded to at least one organic ligand to form a chelate, a complex, or a salt.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the at least one metal ion is calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, germanium, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, potassium, rubidium, sodium, tin, vanadium, zinc, or a combination thereof.
13 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the at least one organic ligand is an amino acid, an amino acid analog, a peptide, a protein, a protein hydrolysate, a hydroxy acid, an organic acid, a sugar alcohol, a polysaccharide, or a polynucleic acid.
14 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the at least one organic mineral is a metal amino acid complex, a metal proteinate, or a metal chelate of MHA.
15 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least one metal ion of the at least one organic mineral is copper, manganese, zinc, or a combination thereof.
16 . The method of claim 10 , wherein fast body weight gain is due to an increased level of at least one nutrient in the diet of the pig.
17 . The method of claim 10 , wherein fast body weight gain is due to addition of at least one growth promoter in the diet of the pig.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the growth promoter is a beta-adrenergic agonist, an antimicrobial growth promoter, an acidic growth promoter, a mineral clay, an enzyme, a metallic substance, a plant-based nutraceutical, or a prebiotic/probiotic.
19 . A method for detecting lameness in a pig, the method comprising:
(a) determining a level of at least one biomarker and/or a ratio of two biomarkers in a saliva sample from the pig, wherein the at least one biomarker is C2C, CTX1, CTX2, OC, or P2CP, and the ratio of two biomarkers is OC/CTX1, P2CP/C2C or P2CP/CTX2, and
(b) comparing the level of the at least one biomarker and/or the ratio of two biomarkers in the saliva sample to a lameness negative reference, wherein a change in the level of the at least one biomarker and/or the ratio of two biomarkers in the saliva sample relative to the lameness negative reference indicates that the pig is lame or is predisposed to becoming lame.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the at least one biomarker is CTX1 or P2CP, and an increased level of CTX1 or P2CP in the saliva sample indicates that the pig is lame or is predisposed to becoming lame.
21 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the ratio of two biomarkers is P2CP/C2C or P2CP/CTX2, and an increased level of P2CP/C2C or P2CP/CTX2 in the saliva sample indicates that the pig is lame or is predisposed to becoming lame.
22 . The method of claim 19 , further comprising administering at least one organic mineral to the pig that is lame or is predisposed to becoming lame, wherein administering the at least one organic mineral reduces symptoms of lameness as compared to administering at least one inorganic mineral to a comparable pig afflicted with lameness.