NON-HALIDE ZINC ADDITIVES FOR A SECONDARY ZINC HALIDE BATTERY
Provided is an electrolyte for use in a secondary zinc halide electrochemical cell comprising: from about 20 wt. % to about 70 wt. % of a zinc halide of formula ZnY 2 or any combination of zinc halides of formula ZnY 2 , wherein Y is a halide selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, or any combination thereof; from about 10 wt. % to about 79 wt. % of H 2 O; and from about 0.5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of one or more zinc additives. The one or more zinc additives comprises a first zinc additive, wherein the first zinc additive is a salt that is not a zinc halide and comprises an anion with a van der Waals volume of greater than about 65 Å 3 . Also provided is a secondary zinc halide battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising at least one bipolar electrode and the zinc halide electrolyte. Also provided is a secondary zinc halide battery comprising a zinc metal reservoir.
1 . An electrolyte for use in a secondary zinc halide electrochemical cell comprising:
from about 20 wt. % to about 70 wt. % of a zinc halide of formula ZnY 2 or any combination of zinc halides of formula ZnY 2 , wherein Y is a halide selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, or any combination thereof;
from about 10 wt. % to about 79 wt. % of H 2 O; and
from about 0.5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of one or more zinc additives, wherein the one or more zinc additives comprises a first zinc additive, wherein the first zinc additive is a salt that is not a zinc halide and comprises an anion with a van der Waals volume of greater than about 65 Å 3 .
2 . The electrolyte of claim 1 , further comprising:
from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of KBr; and
from about 0.5 wt % to about 15 wt. % of KCl.
3 . The electrolyte of claim 2 , further comprising:
from about 0.05 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of one or more quaternary ammonium agents, wherein each quaternary ammonium agent is independently selected from a quaternary ammonium agent having a formula N + (R 1 )(R 2 )(R 3 )(R 4 )X − , wherein R 1 is hydrogen or an alkyl group, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently an alkyl group that is same or different from R 1 , and X − is chloride or bromide.
4 . The electrolyte of claim 1 , comprising from about 0.5 wt. % to about 3 wt. % of the first zinc additive.
5 . The electrolyte of claim 4 , wherein a molar ratio of total zinc ion to halide ion in the electrolyte is from about 1:2 to about 1:3.
6 . The electrolyte of claim 1 , comprising from about 0.5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of the first zinc additive.
7 . The electrolyte of claim 6 , wherein a molar ratio of total zinc ion to halide ion in the electrolyte is from about 1:1 to about 1:2.5.
8 . The electrolyte of claim 6 , wherein the one or more zinc additives further comprises a second zinc additive, wherein the second zinc additive is a salt that is not a zinc halide and comprises an anion with a van der Waals volume of smaller than about 65 Å 3 .
9 . The electrolyte of claim 8 , comprising from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the second zinc additive.
10 . The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the first zinc additive is zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate, zinc perfluorobutanesulfonate, zinc bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, zinc methanosulfonate, zinc p-toluenesulfonate, zinc hexafluorophosphate, zinc tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, or any combination thereof.
11 . The electrolyte of claim 3 , comprising:
from about 25 wt. % to about 45 wt. % of the zinc halide of formula ZnY 2 or any combination of zinc halides of formula ZnY 2 ;
from about 25 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of H 2 O;
from about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of the one or more zinc additives;
from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of KBr;
from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of KCl; and
from about 0.05 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of the one or more quaternary ammonium agents.
12 . The electrolyte of claim 3 , wherein the one or more quaternary ammonium agents comprises a first quaternary ammonium agent with a concentration from about 0.05 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, wherein the first quaternary ammonium agent is selected from a tetra-C 1-6 alkyl ammonium chloride or a tetra-C 1-6 alkyl ammonium bromide.
13 . The electrolyte of claim 12 , wherein the first quaternary ammonium agent is tetramethylammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium chloride, tetrapropylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium bromide, tetraethylammonium bromide, tetrapropylammonium bromide, or tetrabutylammonium bromide.
14 . The electrolyte of claim 13 , wherein the one or more quaternary ammonium agents further comprises a second quaternary ammonium agent, wherein the second quaternary ammonium agent has a formula N + (R 1 )(R 2 )(R 3 )(R 4 )X − , wherein R 1 is hydrogen or an alkyl group, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently an alkyl group that is same or different from R 1 , and X − is chloride or bromide, and wherein a concentration of the second quaternary ammonium agent is from about 0.05 wt. % to about 20 wt. %.
15 . The electrolyte of claim 14 , wherein the second quaternary ammonium agent is a chloride or bromide of trimethylethylammonium, trimethyl propylammonium, trimethylbutylammonium, triethylmethylammonium, triethylpropylammonium, triethylbutylammonium, tripropylmethylammonium, tripropylethylammonium, or tripropylbutylammonium.
16 . The electrolyte of claim 3 , further comprising from about 0.2 wt. % to about 2.5 wt. % of DME-PEG.
17 . The electrolyte of claim 16 , wherein the electrolyte comprises DME-PEG with a number average molecular weight of about 1000 amu, DME-PEG with a number average molecular weight of about 2000 amu, or a combination thereof.
18 . The electrolyte of claim 3 , further comprising from about 0.25 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of a glycol, wherein the glycol is ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, hexalene glycol, or any combination thereof.
19 . The electrolyte of claim 3 , further comprising from about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a glyme, wherein the glyme is monoglyme, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, pentaglyme, hexaglyme, or any combination thereof.
20 . The electrolyte of claim 3 , further comprising less than 1 wt. % of one or more additives selected from Sn, In, Ga, Al, Tl, Bi, Pb, Sb, Ag, Mn, Fe, or any combination thereof.
21 . The electrolyte of claim 3 , further comprising from 0.1 wt. % to 2 wt. % of acetic acid, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, or any combination thereof.
22 . The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the zinc halide electrochemical cell is a static zinc halide electrochemical cell.
23 . The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the zinc halide electrochemical cell is a flow zinc halide electrochemical cell.
24 . The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein a zinc halide utilization in the electrolyte of the secondary zinc halide electrochemical cell is increased by about 5% to about 40% compared to an equivalent electrolyte in a secondary zinc halide electrochemical cell without the one or more zinc additives.
25 . A secondary zinc halide battery comprising:
at least one electrochemical cell comprising at least one bipolar electrode and a zinc halide electrolyte,
wherein the bipolar electrode comprises a bipolar electrode plate having an anode surface on one side of the bipolar electrode plate and a cathode surface on another side of the bipolar electrode plate that is opposite the anode surface,
wherein the zinc halide electrolyte is in contact with the bipolar electrode plate, and
wherein the zinc halide electrolyte comprises:
from about 20 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of a zinc halide of formula ZnY 2 or any combination of zinc halides of formula ZnY 2 , wherein Y is a halide selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, or any combination thereof;
from about 30 wt. % to about 79 wt. % of H 2 O; and
from about 0.5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of one or more zinc additives, wherein the one or more zinc additives comprises a first zinc additive, wherein the first zinc additive is a salt that is not a zinc halide and comprises an anion with a van der Waals volume of greater than about 65 Å 3 .
26 . The secondary zinc halide battery of claim 25 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises:
from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of KBr; and
from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of KCl.
27 . The secondary zinc halide battery of claim 26 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises:
from about 0.05 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of one or more quaternary ammonium agents, wherein each quaternary ammonium agent is independently selected from a quaternary ammonium agent having a formula N + (R 1 )(R 2 )(R 3 )(R 4 )X − , wherein R 1 is hydrogen or an alkyl group, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently an alkyl group that is same or different from R 1 , and X − is chloride or bromide.
28 . The secondary zinc halide battery of claim 25 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises from about 0.2 wt. % to about 2.5 wt. % of DME-PEG.
29 . The secondary zinc halide battery of claim 25 , wherein the first zinc additive is zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate, zinc perfluorobutanesulfonate, zinc bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, zinc methanosulfonate, zinc p-toluenesulfonate, zinc hexafluorophosphate, zinc tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, or any combination thereof.
30 . The secondary zinc halide battery of claim 25 , wherein the one or more zinc additives further comprises a second zinc additive, wherein the second zinc additive is a salt that is not a zinc halide and comprises an anion with a van der Waals volume of smaller than about 65 Å 3 .
31 . The secondary zinc halide battery of claim 25 , wherein the electrolyte comprises from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the second zinc additive.
32 . The secondary zinc halide battery of claim 25 , wherein secondary zinc halide battery is a static secondary zinc halide battery.
33 . The secondary zinc halide battery of claim 25 , wherein secondary zinc halide battery is a flow secondary zinc halide battery.
34 . The secondary zinc halide battery of claim 25 , wherein a zinc halide utilization in the electrolyte of each of the at least one electrochemical cell of the secondary zinc halide battery is increased by about 50% to about 40% compared to an equivalent electrolyte in an electrochemical cell of a secondary zinc halide battery without the one or more zinc additives.