User-worn device for noninvasively measuring a physiological parameter of a user
The present disclosure relates to noninvasive methods, devices, and systems for measuring various blood constituents or analytes, such as glucose. In an embodiment, a light source comprises LEDs and super-luminescent LEDs. The light source emits light at at least wavelengths of about 1610 nm, about 1640 nm, and about 1665 nm. In an embodiment, the detector comprises a plurality of photodetectors arranged in a special geometry comprising one of a substantially linear substantially equal spaced geometry, a substantially linear substantially non-equal spaced geometry, and a substantially grid geometry.
1. A user-worn device configurable to non-invasively measure an oxygen saturation of a user, the user-worn device comprising:
a sensor configurable to measure the oxygen saturation of the user, the sensor comprising:
a first set of light emitting diodes (LEDs), the first set of LEDs comprising at least an LED configured to emit visible light and an LED configured to emit near-infrared light;
a second set of LEDs spaced apart from the first set of LEDs, the second set of LEDs comprising at least an LED configured to emit visible light and an LED configured to emit near-infrared light;
a photodiode mount;
three or more photodiodes arranged on the photodiode mount and configured to receive light after attenuation by tissue of the user; and
a protruding cover different from the photodiode mount, the protruding cover comprising:
a convex surface extending across the three or more photodiodes, the convex surface configured to shape tissue of a measurement site; and
at least three windows within the convex surface allowing light to penetrate through the protruding cover, the windows aligned with the three or more photodiodes.
2. The user-worn device of claim 1 further comprising:
a network interface configured to wirelessly communicate the measurement of the oxygen saturation of the user to at least one of: a mobile phone or a computer network;
a user interface comprising a touch-screen display, wherein the user interface is configured to display indicia responsive to the measurement of the oxygen saturation of the user;
a storage device configured to at least temporarily store at least the measurement; and
a strap configured to position the user-worn device on the user.
3. The user-wom device of claim 1 , wherein the windows are at least partially defined by an opaque material.
4. The user-wom device of claim 3 , wherein the opaque material is configured to reduce an amount of light reaching the photodiodes without being attenuated by the tissue of the user.
5. The user-worn device of claim 3 , wherein the opaque material is configured to reduce light piping through the protruding cover.
6. The user-worn device of claim 1 further comprising:
at least one wall extending between the photodiode mount and the protruding cover,
wherein at least the photodiode mount, the wall, and the protruding cover form cavities, wherein the photodiodes are arranged on the photodiode mount within the cavities.
7. The user-worn device of claim 1 further comprising:
one or more processors configured to receive one or more signals from at least one of the photodiodes and calculate a measurement of a physiological parameter of the user, wherein the physiological parameter comprises at least one of: methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, or carbon monoxide.
8. The user-worn device of claim 1 further comprising:
one or more processors configured to receive one or more signals from at least one of the photodiodes and calculate a measurement of a physiological parameter of the user, wherein the physiological parameter comprises total hemoglobin.
9. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the LEDs and the photodiodes are arranged on a same side of the tissue of the user.
10. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein, Within each of the first and second sets of LEDs, any one LED is positioned within 2mm to 4mm of another.
11. The user-worn device of claim 1 , further comprising a third set of LEDs, the third set of LEDs comprising at least an LED configured to emit visible light and an LED configured to emit near-infrared light.
12. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the at least three photodiodes comprise first, second, third, and fourth photodiodes, wherein the first photodiode and the second photodiode are arranged on the photodiode mount across from each other on opposite sides of a central point along a first axis, and wherein the third photodiode and the fourth photodiode are arranged on the photodiode mount across from each other on opposite sides of the central point along a second axis which is different from the first axis.
13. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the protruding cover comprises a lens.
14. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the protruding cover further comprises one or more chamfered edges.
15. The user-worn device of claim 1 , further comprising one or more processors configured to download software.
16. The user-worn device of claim 1 , further comprising one or more processors configured to execute software to cause the user-worn device to measure oxygen saturation of the user.
17. The user-worn device of claim 16 further comprising:
one or more processors configurable to receive one or more signals from at least one of the photodiodes and calculate the measurement of the oxygen saturation of the user.
18. The user-worn device of claim 17 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to calculate a bulk measurement responsive to a positioning of the user-worn device.
19. The user-worn device of claim 17 , wherein the user-worn device is configured to be worn on an arm of the user.
20. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the at least three windows comprise material positioned within respective openings in the convex surface.
21. The user-worn device of claim 20 , wherein the material comprises optically transparent or optically transmissible material.
22. A user-worn device configurable to non-invasively measure an oxygen saturation of a user, the user-worn device comprising:
a plurality of emitters configured to emit light, each of the emitters comprising at least two light emitting diodes (LEDs);
a photodiode mount;
at least three photodiodes arranged on the photodiode mount and configured to receive light after at least a portion of the light has been attenuated by tissue of the user;
a protruding cover different from the photodiode mount, wherein at least a portion of the protruding cover comprises a convex surface, wherein the convex surface includes separate windows comprising optically transparent material within the convex surface, wherein each window is aligned with a different one of the at least three photodiodes, and wherein the convex surface is configured to protrude into tissue of the user when worn by the user; and
one or more processors configurable to receive one or more signals from at least one of the at least three photodiodes and output measurements responsive to the one or more signals, the measurements indicative of the oxygen saturation of the user.
23. The user-worn device of claim 22 , wherein the plurality of emitters comprise at least four emitters, and wherein each of the plurality of emitters comprises a respective set of at least three LEDs.
24. The user-worn device of claim 23 , wherein, within each respective set of at least three LEDs, the LEDs of the set are positioned within 2mm to 4mm of each other.
25. The user-worn device of claim 22 , wherein the at least three photodiodes comprise first, second, third, and fourth photodiodes, wherein the first photodiode and the second photodiode are arranged across from each other on opposite sides of a central point along a first axis, and wherein the third photodiode and the fourth photodiode are arranged across from each other on opposite sides of the central point along a second axis which is different from the first axis.
26. The user-worn device of claim 22 , wherein the optically transparent material is glass.
27. The user-worn device of claim 22 , wherein the optically transparent material is plastic.
28. The user-worn device of claim 22 , wherein the windows are bordered by an opaque material.
29. The user-worn device of claim 28 , wherein the opaque material is configured to reduce an amount of light that travels through protruding cover, reaching the photodiodes without being attenuated by tissue of the user.
30. The user-worn device of claim 22 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to download software.
31. The user-worn device of claim 19 , wherein software of the user-worn device is configured to cause the user-worn device to measure oxygen saturation of the user.
32. The user-worn device of claim 31 , wherein the user-worn device is configured to be worn on an arm of the user.
33. The user-worn device of claim 22 , wherein the material is positioned within the separate windows in the convex surface.
34. A user-worn device configurable to non-invasively measure an oxygen saturation of a user, the user-worn device comprising:
a sensor structure configurable to non-invasively measure the oxygen saturation of the user, the sensor structure comprising:
a first set of light emitting diodes (LEDs), the first set of LEDs comprising at least an LED configured to emit light at a first wavelength and an LED configured to emit light at a second wavelength;
a second set of LEDs spaced apart from the first set of LEDs, the second set of LEDs comprising at least an LED configured to emit light at the first wavelength and an LED configured to emit light at the second wavelength;
a photodiode mount;
three or more photodiodes arranged in a quadrant configuration on the photodiode mount and configured to receive light after at least a portion of the light has been attenuated by tissue of the user;
a protruding cover different from the photodiode mount, the protruding cover comprising:
a convex surface extending across at least a portion of the photodiode mount, the portion of the photodiode mount including the three or more photodiodes, the convex surface configured to shape tissue of a measurement site; and
at least three transmissive windows within the convex surface that allow light to penetrate through the protruding cover, the windows aligned with the three or more photodiodes; and
at least one opaque wall extending between the photodiode mount and the protruding cover, wherein at least the photodiode mount, the opaque wall, and the protruding cover form cavities, wherein the photodiodes are arranged on the photodiode mount within the cavities;
one or more processors configured to receive one or more signals from at least one of the photodiodes and calculate a measurement of a physiological parameter of the user;
a network interface configured to wirelessly communicate the measurement to at least one of a mobile phone or an electronic network;
a user interface comprising a touch-screen display, wherein the user interface is configured to display indicia responsive to the measurement of the user;
a storage device configured to at least temporarily store at least the measurement; and
a strap configured to position the user-worn device on the user.
35. The user-worn device of claim 34 , further comprising:
a driver configured to energize the first and second sets of LEDs; and
a front-end interface comprising one or more amplifiers and one or more analog to digital converters (ADCs), wherein the front-end interface receives the signals from the photodiodes, the one or more amplifiers amplify the signals and the one or more ADCs convert the signals to digital information, and wherein the processors receive the converted signals.
36. The user-worn device of claim 34 , wherein the protruding cover further comprises one or more sidewalls extending at least partially around a perimeter of the convex surface.
37. The user-worn device of claim 34 , wherein the windows are encircled by an opaque material.
38. The user-worn device of claim 37 , wherein the opaque material is configured to reduce an amount of light that travels through protruding cover, reaching the photodiodes without being attenuated by tissue of the user.
39. The user-worn device of claim 34 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to download software.
40. The user-worn device of claim 34 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive one or more signals from at least one of the photodiodes and calculate an oxygen saturation measurement of the user.
41. The user-worn device of claim 40 , wherein the user-worn device is configured to be worn on an arm of the user.
42. The user-worn device of claim 34 , wherein the at least three transmissive windows comprise material positioned within respective openings in the convex surface.
43. The user-worn device of claim 42 , wherein the material comprises optically transparent or optically transmissible material.