User-worn device for noninvasively measuring a physiological parameter of a user
The present disclosure relates to noninvasive methods, devices, and systems for measuring various blood constituents or analytes, such as glucose. In an embodiment, a light source comprises LEDs and super-luminescent LEDs. The light source emits light at at least wavelengths of about 1610 nm, about 1640 nm, and about 1665 nm. In an embodiment, the detector comprises a plurality of photodetectors arranged in a special geometry comprising one of a substantially linear substantially equal spaced geometry, a substantially linear substantially non-equal spaced geometry, and a substantially grid geometry.
1. A user-worn device configurable to non-invasively measure an oxygen saturation of a user, the user-worn device comprising:
at least three light emitting diodes (LEDs);
at least three photodiodes arranged on a photodiode mount and configured to receive light attenuated by tissue of the user;
a protrusion arranged to extend across the photodiode mount, the protrusion comprising an opaque convex surface, the protrusion extending across the at three photodiodes arranged on the photodiode mount, the protrusion further comprising a plurality of windows within the protrusion and aligned with the at least three photodiodes, the windows each comprising an opaque lateral surface, the plurality of windows configured to allow light to reach the at least three photodiodes, the opaque lateral surfaces configured to avoid light piping through the protrusion, wherein the protrusion is a different component from the photodiode mount and is configured to shape tissue of the user; and
one or more processors configurable to receive one or more signals from the at least three photodiodes and calculate a measurement of the oxygen saturation of the user.
2. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the windows comprise glass.
3. The user-worn device of claim 1 further comprising:
at least one opaque wall extending between the photodiode mount and the protrusion, wherein at least the photodiode mount, the opaque wall, and the protrusion form one or more cavities, wherein the at least three photodiodes are arranged within the cavities.
4. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to receive one or more signals from the at least three photodiodes and calculate a measurement of pulse rate.
5. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to receive one or more signals from the at least three photodiodes and calculate trending information.
6. The user-worn device of claim 1 further comprising:
a thermistor configured to output a temperature signal, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
receive the temperature signal; and
adjust operation of the user-worn device responsive to the temperature signal.
7. The user-worn device of claim 6 , wherein the temperature signal is responsive to a temperature of the tissue of the user.
8. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the LEDs and the at least three photodiodes are arranged on a same side of the tissue of the user.
9. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the windows are at least partially defined by an opaque material.
10. The user-worn device of claim 9 , wherein the opaque material is configured to reduce an amount of light traveling through the protrusion and reaching the at least three photodiodes without being attenuated by the tissue of the user.
11. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to process the one or more signals to determine a bulk measurement responsive to a positioning of the user-worn device.
12. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein:
the at least three LEDs comprises at least six LEDs;
a first set of LEDs includes three of the six LEDs;
a second set of LEDs includes a different three of the six LEDs;
the second set of LEDs is spaced apart from the first set of LEDs;
a first of the three LEDs in the first set of LEDs is configured to emit visible light and a second of the three LEDs in the first set of LEDs is configured to emit near-infrared light; and
a first of the three LEDs in the second set of LEDs is configured to emit visible light and a second of the three LEDs in the second set of LEDs is configured to emit near-infrared light.
13. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the at least three photodiodes comprise four photodiodes arranged on the photodiode mount in a quadrant arrangement.
14. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the protrusion further comprises one or more chamfered edges.
15. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to download software.
16. The user-worn device of claim 1 , wherein software of the user-worn device is configured to cause the user-worn device to measure oxygen saturation of the user.
17. The user-worn device of claim 16 further comprising:
a user interface comprising a touch-screen display, wherein the user interface is configurable to display indicia responsive to the measurements of the oxygen saturation of the user.
18. The user-worn device of claim 17 further comprising:
a network interface configurable to wirelessly communicate the measurements of the oxygen saturation to a mobile phone;
a memory configurable to at least temporarily store at least the measurements; and
a strap configured to position the user-worn device on the user.
19. The user-worn device of claim 17 further comprising:
a network interface configurable to wirelessly communicate the measurements of the oxygen saturation to a computer network;
a memory configurable to at least temporarily store at least the measurements; and
a strap configured to position the user-worn device on the user.
20. The user-worn device of claim 17 , wherein the user-worn device is configured to be worn on an arm of the user.
21. A user-worn device configurable to non-invasively measure an oxygen saturation of a user, the user worn device comprising:
a sensor configurable to measure the oxygen saturation of the user, the sensor comprising:
a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs);
at least three photodiodes arranged on a photodiode mount within the user-worn device and configured to receive light attenuated by tissue of a user; and
a protruding convex cover that is a separate component from the photodiode mount and extends across the photodiode mount and the at least three photodiodes, the protruding convex cover including separate windows within the protruding convex cover and associated with each of the at least three photodiodes, an opaque material lining a lateral surface of the windows and extending through the cover, the opaque material configured to reduce an amount of light traveling through the protruding convex cover and reaching the at least three photodiodes without being attenuated by the tissue, the protruding convex cover configured to shape tissue of the user.
22. The user-worn device of claim 21 , further comprising one or more processors configured to download software.
23. The user-worn device of claim 21 , further comprising one or more processors configured to execute software to cause the user-worn device to measure oxygen saturation of the user.
24. The user-worn device of claim 23 further comprising:
one or more processors configured to receive one or more signals from at least one of the at least three photodiodes after attenuation by the tissue, the one or more processors configurable to output measurements responsive to the one or more signals, the measurements indicative of the oxygen saturation of the user.
25. The user-worn device of claim 24 , wherein the opaque material is configured to reduce an amount of noise in the one or more signals caused by light piping through the protruding convex cover.
26. The user-worn device of claim 24 , wherein the user-worn device is configured to be worn on an arm of the user.
27. The user-worn device of claim 24 further comprising:
a network interface configurable to wirelessly communicate the measurements to another computing device;
a user interface comprising a touch-screen display, wherein the user interface is configurable to display indicia responsive to the measurements indicative of the oxygen saturation of the user; and
a memory configured to at least temporarily store at least the measurements.
28. The user-worn device of claim 21 further comprising:
one or more processors configured to receive one or more signals from at least one of the at least three photodiodes, the one or more processors configurable to output measurements responsive to the one or more signals, the measurements indicative of a physiological parameter of the user.
29. The user-worn device of claim 28 , wherein the physiological parameter comprises a pulse rate.
30. The user-worn device of claim 28 , wherein the physiological parameter comprises total hemoglobin.
31. The user-worn device of claim 28 , wherein the physiological parameter comprises at least one of: methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, or carbon monoxide.
32. A user-worn device configurable to non-invasively measure an oxygen saturation of a user, the user-worn device comprising:
a sensor configurable to measure the oxygen saturation of the user, the sensor comprising:
a first set of light emitting diodes (LEDs), the first set comprising at least an LED configured to emit visible light and an LED configured to emit near-infrared light;
a second set of LEDs spaced apart from the first set of LEDs, the second set of LEDs comprising at least an LED configured to emit visible light and an LED configured to emit near-infrared light;
at least three photodiodes arranged on a photodiode mount of the user-worn device and configured to receive light attenuated by tissue of the user;
a thermistor configured to provide a temperature signal;
a protruding convex cover that is a separate component from the photodiode mount and arranged to cover the photodiode mount and the at least three photodiodes, the protruding convex cover configured to shape tissue of the user;
a plurality of windows positioned in the protruding convex cover and aligned with the at least three photodiodes, each windows defined by an opaque surface extending through the protruding convex cover and configured to reduce light piping through the protruding convex cover; and
at least one opaque wall extending between the photodiode mount and the protruding convex cover, wherein at least the photodiode mount, the opaque wall, and the protruding convex cover form one or more cavities, wherein the at least three photodiodes are arranged within the cavities;
one or more processors configured to receive one or more signals from the at least three photodiodes and calculate at least a pulse rate measurement of the user;
a user interface comprising a display, wherein the user interface is configured to display indicia responsive to at least the pulse rate measurement;
a memory configured to at least temporarily store at least the pulse rate measurement; and
a strap configured to position the user-worn device on the user.
33. The user-worn device of claim 32 , further comprising a network interface configured to wirelessly communicate at least the pulse rate measurement to a mobile phone.
34. The user-worn device of claim 32 , further comprising a network interface configured to wirelessly communicate at least the pulse rate measurement to a computer network without involving a mobile phone.
35. The user-worn device of claim 32 , wherein the cover further comprises one or more extensions.
36. The user-worn device of claim 32 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive one or more signals from the at least three photodiodes and calculate a total hemoglobin measurement of the user.
37. The user-worn device of claim 32 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to download software.
38. The user-worn device of claim 37 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive one or more signals from the at least three photodiodes after attenuation by the tissue and calculate the measurements of oxygen or oxygen saturation of the user.
39. The user-worn device of claim 38 , wherein the user interface is further configured to display indicia responsive to at least the measurements of oxygen or oxygen saturation of the user.
40. The user-worn device of claim 39 , wherein the user-worn device is configured to be worn on an arm of the user.