pH and buffer management system for hemodialysis systems

1 . A system comprising:

a dialysate flow loop for circulating a dialysate through a dialyzer;

a pH-buffer management system configured to modify a pH of the dialysate by converting bicarbonate within the dialysate to at least carbon dioxide dissolved within the dialysate,

wherein the pH-buffer management system is upstream from a sorbent cartridge;

a dialysate regeneration unit comprising the sorbent cartridge comprising at least one sorbent material;

wherein the dialysate regeneration unit comprises a urea sensor;

wherein the urea sensor measures a urea concentration in the dialysate before and after a urease layer of the sorbent cartridge; and

a controller in communication with the urea sensor.

2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further programmed to determine an amount of bicarbonate generated by the dialysate regeneration unit using the urea concentration in the dialysate.

3 . The system of claim 2 , wherein the controller is programmed to adjust a bicarbonate concentration in the dialysate based on the amount of bicarbonate generated by the dialysate regeneration unit.

4 . The system of claim 1 , further comprising a degasser downstream of the dialysate regeneration unit.

5 . The system of claim 4 , further comprising a pH-buffer sensor downstream of the degasser.

6 . The system of claim 4 , further comprising a conductivity sensor downstream of the degasser.

7 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the pH-buffer management system is configured to acidify the dialysate.

8 . The system of claim 4 , wherein the degasser is an active degasser such that the degasser is configured to reduce pressure of one side of the degasser to drive gas removal from the dialysate that travels therethrough.

9 . The system of claim 8 , wherein the controller is configured to monitor the flow through the degasser to control a rate of gas removal.

10 . A method comprising:

measuring a first urea concentration of a dialysate in a dialysate flow loop,

wherein the first urea concentration is measured in a dialysate regeneration unit comprising a sorbent cartridge by a urea sensor;

wherein the first urea concentration is measured before a urease layer of the sorbent cartridge;

measuring a second urea concentration of the dialysate,

wherein the second urea concentration is measured in the dialysate regeneration unit after the urease layer;

determining a urea concentration of the dialysate using a difference between the first urea concentration and the second urea concentration; and

modifying, by a pH-buffer management system in the dialysate flow loop, a pH of at least a portion of the dialysate by converting bicarbonate within the dialysate to at least carbon dioxide dissolved within the dialysate.

11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the determining the urea concentration of the dialysate is performed by a controller in communication with the urea sensor.

12 . The method of claim 10 , further comprising determining an amount of bicarbonate generated by the dialysate regeneration unit due to the urea concentration of the dialysate.

13 . The method of claim 12 , further comprising adjusting a bicarbonate concentration of the dialysate downstream of the sorbent cartridge based on the amount of bicarbonate generated by the dialysate regeneration unit.

14 . The method of claim 10 , further comprising determining a pH of the dialysate downstream of a degasser in the dialysate flow loop; wherein the degasser is located downstream of the dialysate regeneration unit.

15 . The method of claim 10 , further comprising measuring a third conductivity of the dialysate downstream of a degasser in the dialysate flow loop,

wherein the degasser is located downstream of the dialysate regeneration unit;

wherein the third conductivity is measured by a conductivity sensor.