Method and apparatus for detecting lithium plating, and method and apparatus for obtaining polarization proportion

1. A method, comprising:

obtaining an open-circuit voltage of a rechargeable battery and a negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery based on a state of charge of the rechargeable battery;

obtaining a negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery, a terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and a polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery, wherein the polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery represents a proportion that is of the negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery to a polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery and that is obtained when the rechargeable battery is at a lithium plating critical point;

obtaining a negative electrode voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery; and

determining, based on the negative electrode voltage of the rechargeable battery, whether lithium plating occurs in the rechargeable battery.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the determining, based on the negative electrode voltage of the rechargeable battery, whether lithium plating occurs in the rechargeable battery comprises:

when the negative electrode voltage of the rechargeable battery is less than a reference voltage threshold, determining that lithium plating occurs in the rechargeable battery.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the obtaining a negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery, a terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and a polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery comprises:

obtaining the polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery, the terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and a first reference relationship, wherein the first reference relationship is a relationship among the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery, the terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and the polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery; and

obtaining the negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery and the polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery.

4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein before the obtaining a negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery, a terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and a polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery, the method further comprises:

obtaining a polarization voltage of a first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using a target charging current and is at the lithium plating critical point;

obtaining a negative electrode polarization voltage of the first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using the target charging current and is at the lithium plating critical point; and

obtaining the polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery based on the negative electrode polarization voltage of the first reference battery and the polarization voltage of the first reference battery.

5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the obtaining a polarization voltage of a first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using a target charging current and is at a lithium plating critical point comprises:

obtaining a state of charge of the first reference battery and a terminal voltage of the first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using the target charging current and is at the lithium plating critical point;

querying a correspondence between an open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery and the state of charge of the first reference battery based on the state of charge of the first reference battery to obtain the open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery; and

obtaining the polarization voltage of the first reference battery based on the open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery, the terminal voltage of the first reference battery, and a second reference relationship, wherein the second reference relationship is a relationship among the open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery, the terminal voltage of the first reference battery, and the of the first reference battery.

6. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the obtaining a negative electrode polarization voltage of the first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using the target charging current and is at the lithium plating critical point comprises:

obtaining the state of charge of the first reference battery and a negative electrode voltage of the first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using the target charging current and is at the lithium plating critical point;

querying a correspondence between a negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery and the state of charge of the first reference battery based on the state of charge of the first reference battery to obtain the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery; and

obtaining the negative electrode polarization voltage of the first reference battery based on the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery, the negative electrode voltage of the first reference battery, and a third reference relationship, wherein the third reference relationship is a relationship among the negative electrode voltage of the first reference battery, the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery, and the negative electrode polarization voltage of the first reference battery.

7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the obtaining an open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and a negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery based on a state of charge of the rechargeable battery comprises:

querying a correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the state of charge of the rechargeable battery based on the state of charge of the rechargeable battery to obtain the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery; and

querying a correspondence between the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the state of charge of the rechargeable battery based on the state of charge of the rechargeable battery to obtain the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery.

8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein before the obtaining an open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and a negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery based on a state of charge of the rechargeable battery, the method further comprises:

obtaining a correspondence between an open-circuit voltage of a first reference battery and a remaining capacity of the first reference battery based on a charging and discharging test performed on the first reference battery, and obtaining the correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the state of charge of the rechargeable battery based on the correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery and the remaining capacity of the first reference battery; or

obtaining a correspondence between an open-circuit voltage of a second reference battery and a remaining capacity of the second reference battery based on a charging and discharging test performed on the second reference battery, and obtaining the correspondence between the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the state of charge of the rechargeable battery based on the correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the second reference battery and the remaining capacity of the second reference battery, wherein a positive electrode material of the second reference battery is the same as a negative electrode material of the first reference battery, and a negative electrode voltage of the second reference battery is constant.

9. An apparatus, comprising:

one or more processors; and

a non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program to be executed by the one or more processors, wherein the program comprises instructions that cause the apparatus to perform operations comprising:

obtaining an open-circuit voltage of a rechargeable battery and a negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery based on a state of charge of the rechargeable battery;

obtaining a negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery, a terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and a polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery, wherein the polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery represents a proportion that is of the negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery to a polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery and that is obtained when the rechargeable battery is at a lithium plating critical point;

obtaining a negative electrode voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery; and

determining, based on the negative electrode voltage of the rechargeable battery, whether lithium plating occurs in the rechargeable battery.

10. The apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the determining, based on the negative electrode voltage of the rechargeable battery, whether lithium plating occurs in the rechargeable battery comprises:

when the negative electrode voltage of the rechargeable battery is less than a reference voltage threshold, determining that lithium plating occurs in the rechargeable battery.

11. The apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the obtaining a negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery, a terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and a polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery comprises:

obtaining the polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery, the terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and a first reference relationship, wherein the first reference relationship is a relationship among the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery, the terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and the polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery; and

obtaining the negative electrode polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery based on the polarization voltage of the rechargeable battery and the polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery.

12. The apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the operations further comprise:

obtaining a polarization voltage of a first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using a target charging current and is at the lithium plating critical point;

obtaining a negative electrode polarization voltage of the first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using the target charging current and is at the lithium plating critical point; and

obtaining the polarization proportion of the rechargeable battery based on the negative electrode polarization voltage of the first reference battery and the polarization voltage of the first reference battery.

13. The apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein the obtaining a polarization voltage of a first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using a target charging current and is at a lithium plating critical point comprises:

obtaining a state of charge of the first reference battery and a terminal voltage of the first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using the target charging current and is at the lithium plating critical point;

querying a correspondence between an open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery and the state of charge of the first reference battery based on the state of charge of the first reference battery to obtain the open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery; and

obtaining the polarization voltage of the first reference battery based on the open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery, the terminal voltage of the first reference battery, and a second reference relationship, wherein the second reference relationship is a relationship among the open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery, the terminal voltage of the first reference battery, and the polarization voltage of the first reference battery.

14. The apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein the obtaining a negative electrode polarization voltage of the first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using the target charging current and is at the lithium plating critical point comprises:

obtaining the state of charge of the first reference battery and a negative electrode voltage of the first reference battery when the first reference battery is charged by using the target charging current and is at the lithium plating critical point;

querying a correspondence between a negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery and the state of charge of the first reference battery based on the state of charge of the first reference battery to obtain the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery; and

obtaining the negative electrode polarization voltage of the first reference battery based on the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery, the negative electrode voltage of the first reference battery, and a third reference relationship, wherein the third reference relationship is a relationship among the negative electrode voltage of the first reference battery, the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery, and the negative electrode polarization voltage of the first reference battery.

15. The apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the obtaining an open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and a negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery based on a state of charge of the rechargeable battery comprises:

querying a correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the state of charge of the rechargeable battery based on the state of charge of the rechargeable battery to obtain the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery; and

querying a correspondence between the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the state of charge of the rechargeable battery based on the state of charge of the rechargeable battery to obtain the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery.

16. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the operations further comprise:

obtaining a correspondence between the of the first reference battery and a remaining capacity of the first reference battery based on a charging and discharging test performed on the first reference battery, and obtaining the correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the state of charge of the rechargeable battery based on the correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery and the remaining capacity of the first reference battery; or

obtaining a correspondence between an open-circuit voltage of a second reference battery and a remaining capacity of the second reference battery based on a charging and discharging test performed on the second reference battery, and obtaining the correspondence between the negative electrode open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the state of charge of the rechargeable battery based on the correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the second reference battery and the remaining capacity of the second reference battery, wherein a positive electrode material of the second reference battery is the same as a negative electrode material of the first reference battery, and a negative electrode voltage of the second reference battery is constant.

17. A method, comprising:

respectively obtaining at least two groups of charging parameters of a rechargeable battery having a same target state of charge in at least two charging processes of the rechargeable battery, wherein each group of charging parameters comprises a charging current of the rechargeable battery and a target voltage of the rechargeable battery, and the target voltage comprises a polarization voltage or a terminal voltage;

obtaining a correlation between the target voltage and the charging current based on the at least two groups of charging parameters of the rechargeable battery having the target state of charge; and

when the correlation does not conform with a specified correlation, determining that lithium plating occurs in the rechargeable battery in a charging process.

18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the target voltage is the polarization voltage, and the respectively obtaining at least two groups of charging parameters of a rechargeable battery having a same target state of charge in at least two charging processes of the rechargeable battery comprises:

respectively obtaining terminal voltages of the rechargeable battery having the target state of charge in the at least two charging processes of the rechargeable battery;

obtaining, based on the target state of charge and a correspondence between an open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and a state of charge of the rechargeable battery, target open-circuit voltages corresponding to the target state of charge; and

respectively obtaining polarization voltages of the rechargeable battery having the target state of charge in the at least two charging processes based on the terminal voltages and the target open-circuit voltages that are obtained in the at least two charging processes.

19. The method according to claim 18 , wherein before the respectively obtaining at least two groups of charging parameters of a rechargeable battery having a same target state of charge in at least two charging processes of the rechargeable battery, the method further comprises:

obtaining a correspondence between an open-circuit voltage of a first reference battery and a remaining capacity of the first reference battery based on a charging and discharging test performed on the first reference battery; and

obtaining the correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the rechargeable battery and the state of charge of the rechargeable battery based on the correspondence between the open-circuit voltage of the first reference battery and the remaining capacity of the first reference battery.

20. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the specified correlation is obtained based on the target voltage of the rechargeable battery and a charging current less than a reference current threshold of the rechargeable battery having the target state of charge in a history charging process.