IP Library Granted Patent US 12,242,271
Granted Patent B2
US 12,242,271 · App. 17/983,974 · Granted Mar 4, 2025

System and method for providing multiple agents for decision making, trajectory planning, and control for autonomous vehicles

Inventors: Xing Sun (San Diego, CA); Yufei Zhao (San Diego, CA); Wutu Lin (San Diego, CA); Zijie Xuan (San Diego, CA); Liu Liu (San Diego, CA); Kai-Chieh Ma (San Diego, CA)
Assignee: TUSIMPLE, INC.
G05D1/0212B25J9/1664B60W30/00G05D1/0088G06F9/00
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,242,271
App. No.
17/983,974
Granted
Mar 4, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

A system and method for providing multiple agents for decision making, trajectory planning, and control for autonomous vehicles are disclosed. A particular embodiment includes: partitioning a multiple agent autonomous vehicle control module for an autonomous vehicle into a plurality of subsystem agents, the plurality of subsystem agents including a deep computing vehicle control subsystem and a fast response vehicle control subsystem; receiving a task request from a vehicle subsystem; determining if the task request is appropriate for the deep computing vehicle control subsystem or the fast response vehicle control subsystem based on content of the task request or a context of the autonomous vehicle; dispatching the task request to the deep computing vehicle control subsystem or the fast response vehicle control subsystem based on the determination; causing execution of the deep computing vehicle control subsystem or the fast response vehicle control subsystem by use of a data processor to produce a vehicle control output; and providing the vehicle control output to a vehicle control subsystem of the autonomous vehicle.

Claims (34)

1. A system comprising:

a data processor;

a memory for storing modules, executable by the data processor, the modules being data processing modules configured to perform autonomous vehicle control operations for an autonomous vehicle;

a decision making subsystem executable by the data processor, the decision making subsystem including a decision making deep computing agent and a decision making fast response agent;

a trajectory generation subsystem executable by the data processor, the trajectory generation subsystem including a trajectory generation deep computing agent and a trajectory generation fast response agent;

a deep computing vehicle control module executable by the data processor, the deep computing vehicle control module processing task requests from the decision making deep computing agent and the trajectory generation deep computing agent to produce an autonomous vehicle motion plan; and

a fast response vehicle control module executable by the data processor, the fast response vehicle control module processing task requests from the decision making fast response agent and the trajectory generation fast response agent to produce the autonomous vehicle motion plan, the fast response vehicle control module configured to preempt the deep computing vehicle control module;

the system being configured to use the autonomous vehicle motion plan to control movement of the autonomous vehicle.

2. The system of claim 1 being further configured to receive sensor data from a plurality of sensors on the autonomous vehicle.

3. The system of claim 1 wherein the fast response vehicle control module is configured to cause modification of parameters used by the deep computing vehicle control module.

4. The system of claim 1 wherein the execution of the decision making subsystem and the trajectory generation subsystem is performed by different data processors.

5. The system of claim 1 wherein the execution of the deep computing vehicle control module and the fast response vehicle control module is performed by different data processors.

6. The system of claim 1 wherein the execution of the decision making deep computing agent and the decision making fast response agent is performed by different data processors.

7. The system of claim 1 wherein the execution of the trajectory generation deep computing agent and the trajectory generation fast response agent is performed by different data processors.

8. The system of claim 1 wherein execution of the decision making subsystem and the trajectory generation subsystem by use of the data processor is performed in parallel.

9. The system of claim 1 wherein the autonomous vehicle motion plan is provided to a vehicle control subsystem causing the autonomous vehicle to follow a routing and perform vehicle motion control operations corresponding to the autonomous vehicle motion plan.

10. A method in an autonomous vehicle control system to more efficiently and safely control an autonomous vehicle with fast and efficient control data processing, the method comprising:

partitioning a multiple agent autonomous vehicle control module for an autonomous vehicle into a plurality of subsystems and subsystem agents, the plurality of subsystems and subsystem agents being data processing modules executable by a data processor and configured to perform autonomous vehicle control operations for an autonomous vehicle, the plurality of subsystems and subsystem agents including: a decision making subsystem executable by the data processor, the decision making subsystem including a decision making deep computing agent and a decision making fast response agent; and a trajectory generation subsystem executable by the data processor, the trajectory generation subsystem including a trajectory generation deep computing agent and a trajectory generation fast response agent;

executing, by use of the data processor, a deep computing vehicle control module to process task requests from the decision making deep computing agent and the trajectory generation deep computing agent to produce an autonomous vehicle motion plan; and

executing, by use of the data processor, a fast response vehicle control module to process task requests from the decision making fast response agent and the trajectory generation fast response agent to produce the autonomous vehicle motion plan, the fast response vehicle control module configured to preempt the deep computing vehicle control module; and

using the autonomous vehicle motion plan to control movement of the autonomous vehicle.

11. The method of claim 10 further including receiving sensor data from a plurality of sensors on the autonomous vehicle.

12. The method of claim 10 wherein the fast response vehicle control module is configured to cause modification of parameters used by the deep computing vehicle control module.

13. The method of claim 10 wherein preemption of the deep computing vehicle control module comprises use of a pre-emptive multitasking operating system.

14. The method of claim 10 wherein the execution of the decision making subsystem and the trajectory generation subsystem is performed by different data processors.

15. The method of claim 10 wherein the execution of the deep computing vehicle control module and the fast response vehicle control module is performed by different data processors.

16. The method of claim 10 wherein the execution of the decision making deep computing agent and the decision making fast response agent is performed by different data processors.

17. The method of claim 10 wherein the execution of the trajectory generation deep computing agent and the trajectory generation fast response agent is performed by different data processors.

18. The method of claim 10 wherein the autonomous vehicle motion plan is used by the vehicle control system to cause the autonomous vehicle to follow a routing and perform vehicle motion control operations corresponding to the autonomous vehicle motion plan.

19. A non-transitory machine-useable storage medium embodying instructions in an autonomous vehicle control system to more efficiently and safely control an autonomous vehicle with fast and efficient control data processing, the instructions being partitioned into plurality of subsystems and subsystem agents being executable by a data processor, the plurality of subsystems and subsystem agents including: a decision making subsystem executable by the data processor, the decision making subsystem including a decision making deep computing agent and a decision making fast response agent; and a trajectory generation subsystem executable by the data processor, the trajectory generation subsystem including a trajectory generation deep computing agent and a trajectory generation fast response agent, the instructions being further configured to:

execute, by use of the data processor, a deep computing vehicle control module to process task requests from the trajectory generation deep computing agent and the vehicle control deep computing agent to produce a vehicle control output;

execute, by use of the data processor, a fast response vehicle control module to process task requests from the trajectory generation fast response agent and the vehicle control fast response agent to produce the vehicle control output, the fast response vehicle control module configured to preempt the deep computing vehicle control module; and

use the vehicle control output to control movement of the autonomous vehicle.

20. The non-transitory machine-useable storage medium embodying the instructions of claim 19 wherein the instructions being further configured to cause execution of the decision making subsystem and the trajectory generation subsystem by different data processors.

Assignments (3)
CHANGE OF NAME Recorded Dec 3, 2025
From: TUSIMPLE, INC.
To: CREATEAI, INC.
Reel/Frame 073832/0553 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Apr 7, 2023
From: SUN, XING; ZHAO, YUFEI; LIN, WUTU; XUAN, ZIJIE; LIU, LIU; MA, KAI-CHIEH
To: TUSIMPLE
Reel/Frame 063253/0292 →
CHANGE OF NAME Recorded Apr 7, 2023
From: TUSIMPLE
To: TUSIMPLE, INC.
Reel/Frame 063321/0513 →
Continuity (3)
Continuation 16991599 · Aug 12, 2020
Continuation 15721781 · Sep 30, 2017
Related Publication 20230063989A1 · Mar 2, 2023
References Cited (171)
US 6777904B1 · Degner · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 7103460B1 · Breed · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7689559B2 · Canright · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7783403B2 · Breed · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7844595B2 · Canright · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 8041111B1 · Wilensky · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8064643B2 · Stein · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8082101B2 · Stein · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8164628B2 · Stein · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8175376B2 · Marchesotti · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8271871B2 · Marchesotti · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8378851B2 · Stein · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8392117B2 · Dolgov · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8401292B2 · Park · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8412449B2 · Trepagnier · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8478072B2 · Aisaka · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8553088B2 · Stein · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8788134B1 · Litkouhi · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8908041B2 · Stein · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8917169B2 · Schofield · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8963913B2 · Baek · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 8965621B1 · Urmson · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 8981966B2 · Stein · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 8993951B2 · Schofield · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9002632B1 · Emigh · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9008369B2 · Schofield · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9025880B2 · Perazzi · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9042648B2 · Wang · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9111444B2 · Kaganovich · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9117133B2 · Barnes · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9118816B2 · Stein · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9120485B1 · Dolgov · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9122954B2 · Srebnik · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9134402B2 · Sebastian · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9145116B2 · Clarke · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9147255B1 · Zhang · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9156473B2 · Clarke · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9176006B2 · Stein · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9179072B2 · Stein · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9183447B1 · Gdalyahu · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9185360B2 · Stein · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9191634B2 · Schofield · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9233659B2 · Rosenbaum · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9233688B2 · Clarke · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9248832B2 · Huberman · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9248835B2 · Tanzmeister · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9251708B2 · Rosenbaum · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9277132B2 · Berberian · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9280711B2 · Stein · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9286522B2 · Stein · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9297641B2 · Stein · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9299004B2 · Lin · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9315192B1 · Zhu · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9317033B2 · Ibanez-Guzman · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9317776B1 · Honda · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9330334B2 · Lin · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9342074B2 · Dolgov · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9355635B2 · Gao · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9365214B2 · Ben Shalom · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9399397B2 · Mizutani · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9428192B2 · Schofield · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9436880B2 · Bos · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9438878B2 · Niebla · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9443163B2 · Springer · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9446765B2 · Ben Shalom · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9459515B2 · Stein · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9466006B2 · Duan · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9476970B1 · Fairfield · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9490064B2 · Hirosawa · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9524461B1 · Huynh · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9531966B2 · Stein · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9535423B1 · Debreczeni · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9555803B2 · Pawlicki · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9568915B1 · Berntorp · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9587952B1 · Slusar · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9720418B2 · Stenneth · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9723097B2 · Harris · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9723099B2 · Chen · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9738280B2 · Rayes · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9746550B2 · Nath · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 10216189B1 · Haynes · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10503168B1 · Konrardy · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10768626B2 · Sun · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20070230792A1 · Shashua · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080249667A1 · Horvitz · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090040054A1 · Wang · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100049397A1 · Lin · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100226564A1 · Marchesotti · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100281361A1 · Marchesotti · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110206282A1 · Aisaka · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120105639A1 · Stein · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120140076A1 · Rosenbaum · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120274629A1 · Baek · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20140145516A1 · Hirosawa · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140198184A1 · Stein · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150062304A1 · Stein · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150353082A1 · Lee · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160037064A1 · Stein · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160094774A1 · Li · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160129907A1 · Kim · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160165157A1 · Stein · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160210528A1 · Duan · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160321381A1 · English · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160375907A1 · Erban · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20180032082A1 · Shalev-Shwartz · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180087907A1 · DeBitetto · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180203445A1 · Micks · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180259968A1 · Frazzoli · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180293491A1 · Ma · 2018 [cited by applicant]
EP 1754179A1 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
EP 2448251A2 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
EP 2463843A2 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
EP 2463843A3 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
EP 2761249A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
EP 2463843B1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
EP 2448251A3 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
EP 2946336A2 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
EP 2993654A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
EP 3081419A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005098739A1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005098751A1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005098782 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010109419A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013045612 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014111814A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014111814A3 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014201324 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015083009 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015103159A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015125022 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015186002A2 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015186002A3 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2016135736 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017013875A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
Hou, Xiaodi and Zhang, Liqing, “Saliency Detection: A Spectral Residual Approach”, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR'07—IEEE Conference, pp. 1-8, 2007. [cited by applicant]
Hou, Xiaodi and Harel, Jonathan and Koch, Christof, “Image Signature: Highlighting Sparse Salient Regions”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 194-201, 2012. [cited by applicant]
Hou, Xiaodi and Zhang, Liqing, “Dynamic Visual Attention: Searching for Coding Length Increments”, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 21, pp. 681-688, 2008. [cited by applicant]
Li, Yin and Hou, Xiaodi and Koch, Christof and Rehg, James M. and Yuille, Alan L., “The Secrets of Salient Object Segmentation”, Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 280-287… [cited by applicant]
Zhou, Bolei and Hou, Xiaodi and Zhang, Liqing, “A Phase Discrepancy Analysis of Object Motion”, Asian Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 225-238, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. [cited by applicant]
Hou, Xiaodi and Yuille, Alan and Koch, Christof, “Boundary Detection Benchmarking: Beyond F-Measures”, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR'13, vol. 2013, pp. 1-8, IEEE, 2013. [cited by applicant]
Hou, Xiaodi and Zhang, Liqing, “Color Conceptualization”, Proceedings of the 15th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 265-268, ACM, 2007. [cited by applicant]
Hou, Xiaodi and Zhang, Liqing, “Thumbnail Generation Based on Global Saliency”, Advances in Cognitive Neurodynamics, ICCN 2007, pp. 999-1003, Springer Netherlands, 2008. [cited by applicant]
Hou, Xiaodi and Yuille, Alan and Koch, Christof, “A Meta-Theory of Boundary Detection Benchmarks”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1302.5985, 2013. [cited by applicant]
Li, Yanghao and Wang, Naiyan and Shi, Jianping and Liu, Jiaying and Hou, Xiaodi, “Revisiting Batch Normalization for Practical Domain Adaptation”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.04779, 2016. [cited by applicant]
Li, Yanghao and Wang, Naiyan and Liu, Jiaying and Hou, Xiaodi, “Demystifying Neural Style Transfer”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.01036, 2017. [cited by applicant]
Hou, Xiaodi and Zhang, Liqing, “A Time-Dependent Model of Information Capacity of Visual Attention”, International Conference on Neural Information Processing, pp. 127-136, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. [cited by applicant]
Wang, Panqu and Chen, Pengfei and Yuan, Ye and Liu, Ding and Huang, Zehua and Hou, Xiaodi and Cottrell, Garrison, “Understanding Convolution for Semantic Segmentation”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08502, 2017. [cited by applicant]
Li, Yanghao and Wang, Naiyan and Liu, Jiaying and Hou, Xiaodi, “Factorized Bilinear Models for Image Recognition”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.05709, 2016. [cited by applicant]
Hou, Xiaodi, “Computational Modeling and Psychophysics in Low and Mid-Level Vision”, California Institute of Technology, 2014. [cited by applicant]
Spinello, Luciano, Triebel, Rudolph, Siegwart, Roland, “Multiclass Multimodal Detection and Tracking in Urban Environments”, Sage Journals, vol. 29 issue: 12, pp. 1498-1515 Article first published online: Oct. 7, 2010; … [cited by applicant]
Matthew Barth, Carrie Malcolm, Theodore Younglove, and Nicole Hill, “Recent Validation Efforts for a Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model”, Transportation Research Record 1750, Paper No. 01-0326, College of Engineering, … [cited by applicant]
Kyoungho Ahn, Hesham Rakha, “The Effects of Route Choice Decisions on Vehicle Energy Consumption and Emissions”, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Blacksburg, VA 24061, date unknown. [cited by applicant]
Ramos, Sebastian, Gehrig, Stefan, Pinggera, Peter, Franke, Uwe, Rother, Carsten, “Detecting Unexpected Obstacles for Self-Driving Cars: Fusing Deep Learning and Geometric Modeling”, arXiv:1612.06573v1 [cs.CV] Dec. 20, 2… [cited by applicant]
Schroff, Florian, Dmitry Kalenichenko, James Philbin, (Google), “FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering”, CVPR 2015. [cited by applicant]
Dai, Jifeng, Kaiming He, Jian Sun, (Microsoft Research), “Instance-aware Semantic Segmentation via Multi-task Network Cascades”, CVPR 2016. [cited by applicant]
Huval, Brody, Tao Wang, Sameep Tandon, Jeff Kiske, Will Song, Joel Pazhayampallil, Mykhaylo Andriluka, Pranav Rajpurkar, Toki Migimatsu, Royce Cheng-Yue, Fernando Mujica, Adam Coates, Andrew Y. Ng, “An Empirical Evaluat… [cited by applicant]
Tian Li, “Proposal Free Instance Segmentation Based on Instance-aware Metric”, Department of Computer Science, Cranberry-Lemon University, Pittsburgh, PA., date unknown. [cited by applicant]
Mohammad Norouzi, David J. Fleet, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, “Hamming Distance Metric Learning”, Departments of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Toronto, date unknown. [cited by applicant]
Jain, Suyong Dutt, Grauman, Kristen, “Active Image Segmentation Propagation”, In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Las Vegas, Jun. 2016. [cited by applicant]
Macaodha, Oisin, Campbell, Neill D.F., Kautz, Jan, Brostow, Gabriel J., “Hierarchical Subquery Evaluation for Active Learning on a Graph”, In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition… [cited by applicant]
Kendall, Alex, Gal, Yarin, “What Uncertainties Do We Need in Bayesian Deep Learning for Computer Vision”, arXiv:1703.04977v1 [cs.CV] Mar. 15, 2017. [cited by applicant]
Wei, Junqing, John M. Dolan, Bakhtiar Litkhouhi, “A Prediction- and Cost Function-Based Algorithm for Robust Autonomous Freeway Driving”, 2010 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, University of California, San Diego, CA… [cited by applicant]
Peter Welinder, Steve Branson, Serge Belongie, Pietro Perona, “The Multidimensional Wisdom of Crowds”; http://www.vision.caltech.edu/visipedia/papers/WelinderEtalNIPS10.pdf, 2010. [cited by applicant]
Kai Yu, Yang Zhou, Da Li, Zhang Zhang, Kaiqi Huang, “Large-scale Distributed Video Parsing and Evaluation Platform”, Center for Research on Intelligent Perception and Computing, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy … [cited by applicant]
P. Guarneri, G. Rocca and M. Gobbi, “A Neural-Network-Based Model for the Dynamic Simulation of the Tire/ Suspension System While Traversing Road Irregularities,” in IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 19, No. 9,… [cited by applicant]
C. Yang, Z. Li, R. Cui and B. Xu, “Neural Network-Based Motion Control of an Underactuated Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Model,” in IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, vol. 25, No. 11, pp. 2004-2016, … [cited by applicant]
Stephan R. Richter, Vibhav Vineet, Stefan Roth, Vladlen Koltun, “Playing for Data: Ground Truth from Computer Games”, Intel Labs, European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2016. [cited by applicant]
Thanos Athanasiadis, Phivos Mylonas, Yannis Avrithis, and Stefanos Kollias, “Semantic Image Segmentation and Object Labeling”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, No. 3, Mar. 2007. [cited by applicant]
Marius Cordts, Mohamed Omran, Sebastian Ramos, Timo Rehfeld, Markus Enzweiler Rodrigo Benenson, Uwe Franke, Stefan Roth, and Bernt Schiele, “The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understanding”, Proceedings of… [cited by applicant]
Adhiraj Somani, Nan Ye, David Hsu, and Wee Sun Lee, “DESPOT: Online POMDP Planning with Regularization”, Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, date unknown. [cited by applicant]
Adam Paszke, Abhishek Chaurasia, Sangpil Kim, and Eugenio Culurciello. Enet: A deep neural network architecture for real-time semantic segmentation. CoRR, abs/1606.02147, 2016. [cited by applicant]