Radiation shielding for compact and transportable nuclear power systems
A mobile reactor radiation shielding solution prevents activation of structural materials to reduce a radiation dosage risk to living organisms and accelerates timetables for transport. The shielding solution can include: in-vessel neutron shield, in-vessel shadow shield, transport shield, and module shadow shield. In-vessel neutron shield reduces and prevents the activation of the structural materials and significantly reduces the need for heavy shielding to shield against the gamma emissions from activated structural materials. In-vessel shadow shield provides neutron and gamma shielding between the reactor and a balance-of-plant (BOP) module and control system. In-vessel shadow shield is placed near the active nuclear core to minimize size of the shield while maximizing the protected arc to shield radiation workers while preparing the nuclear reactor for transport. Transport shield is used during transportation when living organisms come into proximity of the reactor. Module shadow shield shields reactor control components and BOP module during operation.
1 . A nuclear reactor system, comprising:
a nuclear heat supply (NHS) module configured to be transportable, the nuclear heat supply module including:
a reactor container that includes a reactor cavity;
a pressure vessel within the reactor container in a proximal location of the reactor container, wherein the pressure vessel includes an interior wall;
a nuclear reactor core located within the pressure vessel, wherein the nuclear reactor core includes a plurality of fuel elements and at least one moderator element;
an in-vessel neutron shield located on the interior wall of the pressure vessel to surround the nuclear reactor core;
an in-vessel shadow shield inside the pressure vessel;
a transport shield (TS) within the reactor container and outside the pressure vessel that includes a TS chamber within the reactor cavity, wherein the TS chamber is configured to contain a first moderating fluid during transport of the NHS module; and
a module shadow shield (MSS) within the reactor container and outside the pressure vessel that includes an MSS chamber within the reactor cavity for containing a second moderating fluid, wherein the module shadow shield is laterally offset from the pressure vessel and in a distal location of the reactor container; and
a balance-of-plant module in a shipping container that is separate from the reactor container and configured to be transportable.
2 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the transport shield further includes the first moderating fluid substantially filling the TS chamber; and
the module shadow shield further includes the second moderating fluid substantially filling the MSS chamber.
3 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the NHS module further includes an intermediate heat exchanger and a gas circulator; and
the heat exchanger is thermally coupled to the nuclear reactor core.
4 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the first moderating fluid substantially fills the TS chamber.
5 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 4 , wherein:
the NHS module includes an active state and an inactive state;
a roentgen equivalent man (rem) dose outside the NHS module induced by the NHS module while the NHS module is in the inactive state is less than 50 rem per hour (rem/hr); and
the first moderating fluid includes water (H 2 O).
6 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 4 , wherein:
the NHS module includes an active state and an inactive state;
a roentgen equivalent man (rem) dose outside the NHS module induced by the NHS module while the NHS module is in the inactive state is less than 10 rem per hour (rem/hr); and
the first moderating fluid includes water (H 2 O), and the first moderating fluid contains a concentration of Pb(NO 3 ) 2 of approximately 1.63 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc) or greater.
7 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 4 , wherein:
the NHS module has an active state and an inactive state;
a roentgen equivalent man (rem) dose outside the NHS module induced by the NHS module while the NHS module is in the inactive state is less than 0.5 rem per hour (rem/hr); and
the first moderating fluid includes water (H 2 O), and the first moderating fluid contains a concentration of ZnBr 2 of approximately 5 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc) or greater.
8 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the module shadow shield further includes the second moderating fluid; and
the second moderating fluid substantially fills the MSS chamber.
9 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the plurality of fuel elements emit a plurality of radiation particles;
the in-vessel shadow shield blocks a first radiation particle of the plurality of radiation particles.
10 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 9 , wherein:
the in-vessel neutron shield blocks a second radiation particle of the plurality of radiation particles that passes through the in-vessel shadow shield.
11 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 9 , wherein:
the transport shield blocks a third radiation particle of the plurality of radiation particles that passes through the in-vessel shadow shield and the in-vessel neutron shield.
12 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 9 , wherein:
the module shadow shield blocks a fourth radiation particle of the plurality of radiation particles that passes through the in-vessel shadow shield, the in-vessel neutron shield, and the transport shield.
13 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the reactor container houses the transport shield, the module shadow shield, the pressure vessel, the in-vessel shadow shield, the nuclear reactor core, and the in-vessel neutron shield;
the balance-of-plant module includes turbomachinery, a generator, and a reactor control system.
14 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the first moderating fluid blocks a radiation particle to prevent the radiation particle from traveling to the balance-of-plant module.
15 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the second moderating fluid blocks a radiation particle to prevent the radiation particle from traveling to the balance-of-plant module.
16 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
at least one of the in-vessel shadow shield, the in-vessel neutron shield, the first moderating fluid, and the second moderating fluid includes one or more neutron absorbing materials.
17 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the in-vessel neutron shield is formed of a composite material or a multi-layered material; and
the second moderating fluid includes water (H 2 O).
18 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the in-vessel neutron shield is formed of a neutron moderator and a neutron absorbing material; and
the neutron moderator includes metal hydrides, polyethylene, plastics, beryllium bearing compounds, or a combination thereof.
19 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the in-vessel neutron shield is formed of a neutron moderator and a neutron absorbing material; and
the neutron absorbing material includes boron, boron carbide, metal boride, gadolinium, europium, tungsten, or a combination thereof.
20 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the in-vessel neutron shield is formed of two or more neutron absorbing materials.
21 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein the shipping container includes a CONEX box or an ISO box.
22 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor container includes a CONEX box or an ISO box.
23 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor container is shaped as a right rectangular prism or a capsule.
24 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein the first moderating fluid includes lead nitrate or zinc bromide.
25 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein the second moderating fluid includes lead nitrate or zinc bromide.
26 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein the module shadow shield is configured to be substantially filled with the second moderating fluid during operation of the nuclear reactor core to shield the balance-of-plant module.
27 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein the module shadow shield is configured to be substantially drained during transport of the NHS module.
28 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of control drums or a plurality of control rods.
29 . The nuclear reactor system of claim 1 , wherein the nuclear reactor core further includes a reflector located inside the pressure vessel that includes a plurality of reflector blocks laterally surrounding the plurality of fuel elements and the at least one moderator element.