Cyclic sulfone additives for lithium ion batteries
Cyclic sulfone organic compounds and an electrolyte containing the cyclic sulfone organic compounds suitable for use in electrochemical energy storage devices useful for reducing battery resistance, increasing cycle life, and improving high-temperature performance are disclosed.
1 . An electrochemical energy storage device comprising:
a cathode;
an anode;
an electrolyte comprising an aprotic organic solvent system, a metal salt, and at least one cyclic sulfone organic compound additive according to the molecular structure below:
wherein: R 3 is an electron withdrawing group, or a C 1 -C 12 linear or branched, alkyl group where at least one hydrogen is substituted with an electron withdrawing group; and R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 are each independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 12 linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and fluoroalkyl groups, or C 6 -C 14 aryl groups wherein the hydrogen atoms can be unsubstituted or can be a halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, perfluorinated alkyl, silyl, siloxy, silane, sulfoxide, amide, azo, ether, and thioether group or combinations thereof; and
a separator.
2 . The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the electron withdrawing group is either a halogen, cyano, carbonyl, sulfonyl, nitro, or haloalkyl group.
3 . The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the at least one cyclic sulfone organic compound additive is at least one of 4H -1,1-dioxo-2,6-(phenyl)-4-(dicyanomethylidene)thiopyran; 4H-1,1-dioxo-2,6-(4- fuorophenyl)-4-(dicyanomethylidene)thiopyran; 4H-1,1-dioxo-2-phenyl-6-(4-methylphenyl)-4- (dicyanomethylidene)thiopyran; 4H-1, 1-dioxo-2,6-di(4-trifuoromethylphenyl)-4- (dicyanomethylidene)thiopyran; and 4H-1, 1-dioxo-2,6-di(2-thienyl)-4-(dicyanomethylidene)thiopyran.
4 . The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the at least one cyclic sulfone organic compound additive is present in a concentration of from 0.01 wt. % to 10 wt. % in the electrolyte.
5 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the aprotic organic solvent system comprises an open-chain or cyclic carbonate, carboxylic acid ester, nitrite, ether, sulfone, ketone, lactone, dioxolane, glyme, crown ether, siloxane, phosphoric acid ester, phosphite, mono- or polyphosphazene or mixture thereof.
6 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the aprotic organic solvent system is present in a concentration of from 60 wt. % to 90 wt. % in the electrolyte.
7 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the cation of the metal salt is an alkali metal.
8 . The device of claim 7 , wherein the alkali metal is lithium or sodium.
9 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the cation of the metal salt is aluminum or magnesium.
10 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal salt is present in a concentration of from 10 wt. % to 30 wt. % in the electrolyte.
11 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises at least one additional additive.
12 . The device of claim 11 , wherein the at least one additional additive comprises a sulfur-containing compound, phosphorus-containing compound, boron-containing compound, silicon-containing compound, fluorine-containing compound, nitrogen-containing compound, compound containing at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond, carboxylic acid anhydride or mixture thereof.
13 . The device of claim 11 , wherein the at least one additional additive comprises a partially or fully halogenated phosphoric acid ester compound, an ionic liquid, (methylsulfonyl)cyclotriphosphazene, or mixture thereof.
14 . The device of claim 13 , wherein the halogenated phosphoric acid ester compound is 4-fluorophenyldiphenylphosphate, 3,5-difluorophenyldiphenylphosphate, 4-chlorophenyldiphenylphosphate, trifluorophenylphosphate, heptafluorobutyldiphenylphosphate, trifluoroethyldiphenylphosphate, bis(trifluoroethyl)phenylphosphate, or phenylbis(trifluoroethyl)phosphate.
15 . The device of claim 13 , wherein the ionic liquid is tris(N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium)thiophosphate bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, tris(N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium) phosphate bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, tris(N-ethyl-N-methylpiperidinium)thiophosphate bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, tris(N-ethyl-N-methylpiperidinium)phosphate bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, N-methyl-trimethylsilylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, or N-methyl-trimethylsilylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate.
16 . The device of claim 11 , wherein the at least one additional additive is present in a concentration of from 0.01 wt. % to 10 wt. % in the electrolyte.
17 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises a lithium metal oxide, spinel, olivine, carbon-coated olivine, vanadium oxide, lithium peroxide, sulfur, polysulfide, a lithium carbon monofluoride or mixture thereof.
18 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the lithium metal oxide is LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiNi x Co y Met z O 2 , LiMn 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2 , LiMn 0.1 Co 0.1 Ni 0.8 O 2 , LiMn 0.2 Co 0.2 Ni 0.6 O 2 , LiMno 3 Co 0.2 Ni 0.5 O 2 , LiMn 0.33 Co 0.33 Ni 0.33 O 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFeO 2 , Li 1+x′ Ni α Mn β Co γ Met′ δ O 2-z′ F z′ , or A n′ B 2 (XO 4 ) 3 , wherein Met is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Mn or Co; Met′ is Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr or Ti; A is Li, Ag, Cu, Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn; B is Ti, V, Cr, Fe or Zr; X is P, S, Si, W or Mo; and wherein 0≤x≤0.3, 0≤y≤0.5, 0≤z≤0.5, 0≤x′≤0.4, 0≤α≤1, 0≤β≤1, 0≤γ≤1, 0≤δ≤0.4, 0≤z′≤0.4 and 0≤h′≤3; and the olivine cathode is LiFePO 4 .
19 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises lithium metal, graphitic material, amorphous carbon, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , tin alloy, silicon, silicon alloy, intermetallic compound, or mixture thereof.
20 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the device comprises a lithium battery, lithium-ion battery, lithium-sulfur battery, lithium-air battery, sodium ion battery, magnesium battery, lithium/MnO 2 battery, or Li/poly(carbon monofluoride) battery.
21 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the device comprises a capacitor or solar cell.
22 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the device comprises an electrochemical cell.
23 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the separator comprises a porous separator separating the anode and cathode from each other.
24 . The device of claim 23 , wherein the porous separator comprises an electron beam-treated micro-porous polyolefin separator or a microporous polymer film comprising nylon, cellulose, nitrocellulose, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutene, or co-polymer or blend of any two or more such polymers.