Single-walled carbon nanotubes in alkaline electrochemical cell electrodes
Alkaline electrochemical cells are provided, wherein a conductive carbon is included in the cell's cathode in order to decrease resistivity of the cathode, so as to improve the discharge of the cell, particularly in high drain applications. The conductive carbon may comprise carbon nanotubes and/or graphene. Methods for preparing such cells are also provided.
1 . An electrochemical cell comprising:
i) an electrode comprising i) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), ii) an active material which is an oxide, and iii) graphite; wherein the electrode comprises SWCNTs in a concentration of about 1 wt % relative to the total mass of the active material and the graphite; and
ii) an electrolyte solution which comprises potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ), magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 ), magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ), or magnesium bromide (MgBr 2 ).
2 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the graphite is expanded graphite.
3 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the active material is manganese dioxide, a nickelate, nickel oxyhydroxide, or copper oxide.
4 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrode has an oxide to carbon (O:C) ratio of 10:1-90:1.
5 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrode comprises MnO 2 in the form of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), chemical manganese dioxide (CMD), or natural manganese dioxide (NMD).
6 . The electrochemical cell of claim 5 , wherein the electrode comprises EMD.
7 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrode has a resistivity that is less than that of an electrode which has an identical O:C ratio, but does not comprise the SWCNTs.
8 . The electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the resistivity is from 1% less to 90% less.
9 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell is a primary cell.
10 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell is a secondary cell.
11 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , comprising an anode having an active material selected from the group consisting of zinc, magnesium, aluminum and silicon.
12 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell operates at a voltage of 0.1 V-2.0 V.
13 . The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell is an alkaline electrochemical cell.
14 . An electrochemical cell comprising i) a cathode, said cathode comprising EMD, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and expanded graphite, and said cathode having an oxide to carbon (O:C) ratio of 20:1-60:1, wherein the cathode comprises SWCNTs in a concentration of about 1 wt % relative to the total mass of the EMD and the expanded graphite; and ii) an electrolyte solution which comprises potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ), magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 ), magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ), or magnesium bromide (MgBr 2 ).