ORGANIC SOLID CRYSTAL OPTICAL MODULATOR
An optical modulator includes an active layer of an organic solid crystalline phase, a primary electrode disposed over a first portion of the active layer, and a secondary electrode disposed over a second portion of the active layer, where an optical property of the active layer is configured to have a first value along a chosen direction in a first biased state and a second value along the chosen direction in a second biased state.
1 . An optical modulator comprising:
an active layer comprising an organic solid crystalline phase;
a primary electrode disposed over a first portion of the active layer; and
a secondary electrode disposed over a second portion of the active layer, wherein an optical property of the active layer is configured to have a first value along a chosen direction in a first biased state and a second value along the chosen direction in a second biased state.
2 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the active layer is a single crystal.
3 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the active layer is polycrystalline.
4 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the organic solid crystalline phase comprises a hydrocarbon compound selected from the group consisting of anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, corannulene, fluorene, and biphenyl.
5 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the organic solid crystalline phase comprises a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of furan, pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, pyrimidine, and piperidine.
6 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the organic solid crystalline phase comprises a dopant selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
7 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the primary electrode and the secondary electrode each directly overlie a respective portion of the active layer.
8 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the primary electrode and the secondary electrode are disposed over a common side of the active layer.
9 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the primary electrode and the secondary electrode are disposed over opposite sides of the active layer.
10 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the primary electrode and the secondary electrode are optically transparent.
11 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , further comprising an insulator layer disposed over the active layer and between the primary electrode and the secondary electrode.
12 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the optical property is selected from the group consisting of refractive index, birefringence, and absorption of visible light.
13 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the active layer is configured to exhibit a change in refractive index of at least approximately 0.0005 in response to a change from the first biased state to the second biased state.
14 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the active layer is configured to exhibit a change in birefringence of at least approximately 0.0005 in response to a change from the first biased state to the second biased state.
15 . The optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the active layer is configured to exhibit a change in absorption of visible light of at least approximately 10% in response to a change from the first biased state to the second biased state.
16 . A head-mounted display comprising the optical modulator of claim 1 .
17 . An optical modulator comprising:
an organic solid crystal-containing active layer;
a primary electrode disposed directly over a first portion of the active layer; and
a secondary electrode disposed directly over a second portion of the active layer.
18 . The optical modulator of claim 17 , wherein the active layer comprises mutually orthogonal in-plane refractive indices (n x and n y ) and a through thickness refractive index (n z ), with n x >1.4, n y >1.4, n z >1.4, Δn xy ≥0.1, Δn xy >Δn xz , and Δn xy >Δn yz .
19 . A method comprising:
forming an organic solid crystal layer;
forming a primary electrode over a first portion of the organic solid crystal layer;
forming a secondary electrode over a second portion of the organic solid crystal layer; and
changing a biased state between the primary electrode and the secondary electrode in an amount effective to change an optical property of the organic solid crystal layer.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the optical property is selected from the group consisting of refractive index, birefringence, and absorption of visible light.