Sensor deployment for modular pavement slabs
A segment of roadway including a body and a strain sensor array embedded in the body. The strain sensor array includes vehicle-strain sensors configured to detect strain on the body resulting from vehicles traveling across the top surface. The strain sensor array includes an optical fiber cable comprising the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors, and the optical fiber cable is embedded in a configuration that includes a bend with a bend radius of at least twenty millimeters (20 mm). Each of the vehicle-strain sensors is separated from the bend by a length along the optical fiber cable of at least one centimeter (1 cm), and each of the vehicle-strain sensors is separated from each other of the vehicle-strain sensors by a length along the optical fiber cable of at least one centimeter (1 cm).
1. A segment of roadway comprising:
a body comprising pavement materials and having a top surface; and
a strain sensor array embedded in the body, the strain sensor array including a plurality of vehicle-strain sensors configured to detect strain on the body resulting from vehicles traveling across the top surface,
wherein—
the strain sensor array includes an optical fiber cable comprising the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors, the optical fiber cable being embedded in a configuration that includes a bend with a bend radius of at least twenty millimeters (20 mm),
each of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors is separated from the bend by a length along the optical fiber cable of at least one centimeter (1 cm),
each of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors is separated from each other of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors by a length along the optical fiber cable of at least one centimeter (1 cm).
2. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors operate at a scanning rate of at least five hundred Hertz (500 Hz).
3. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the roadway segment comprises a precast slab, further comprising a plurality of load-transferring connectors embedded along at least one of a plurality of sides of the slab and attached to an adjacent structure, the plurality of load-transferring connectors being configured to transfer load on the precast slab corresponding to the passing vehicles between the precast slab and the adjacent structure.
4. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , further comprising a reinforcement layer embedded in the body, the strain sensor array including at least one optical fiber cable attached to the reinforcement layer.
5. The segment of roadway according to claim 4 , wherein the reinforcement layer comprises geogrid materials.
6. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , further comprising
a sensor processor configured to—
communicate input signals to the strain sensor array,
receive output signals from the strain sensor array,
determine a plurality of time-varying strain values based at least in part on the output signals from the strain sensor array, each strain value indicating a strain of the plurality of strains experienced by a region of the body.
7. The segment of roadway according to claim 6 , further comprising a temperature sensor embedded in the body.
8. The segment of roadway according to claim 7 , wherein a processor is configured to generate or interpret the time-varying strain values based at least in part on temperature data from the temperature sensor.
9. The segment of roadway according to claim 7 , wherein the temperature sensor comprises an optical fiber cable surrounded by an air gap encased in a housing.
10. The segment of roadway according to claim 9 , wherein the housing encasing the optical fiber cable comprises a synthetic polymer material.
11. The segment of roadway according to claim 9 , wherein the optical fiber cable enters and exits the housing respectively at entry and exit points, and the length of the optical fiber cable within the housing is at least one percent (1%) greater than a shortest distance between the entry and exit points of the housing.
12. The segment of roadway according to claim 7 , wherein the temperature sensor operates at a scanning rate within ten percent (10%) of scanning rate(s) of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors.
13. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the strain sensor array includes an integrity sensor having at least one of a length and a spatial resolution of greater than fifty centimeters (50 cm), the integrity sensor being configured to monitor for structural damage.
14. The segment of roadway according to claim 13 , wherein the integrity sensor has at least one of a length and a spatial resolution greater than fifty centimeters (50 cm) and less than one hundred centimeters (100 cm).
15. The segment of roadway according to claim 13 , wherein the integrity sensor operates at a scanning rate of less than two hundred Hertz (200 Hz).
16. The segment of roadway according to claim 15 , wherein the integrity sensor operates at a scanning rate of between twenty microhertz (20 μHz) and two Hertz (2 Hz).
17. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors has at least one of a length and a spatial resolution along a length dimension of the body corresponding to a direction of travel of equal to or less than fifty centimeters (50 cm).
18. The segment of roadway according to claim 17 , wherein—
the length dimension of the body is bisected by a length midpoint,
the body has a width perpendicular to the direction of travel and bisected by a width midpoint,
the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors are distributed across the body such that at least thirty percent (30%) of the vehicle-strain sensors are positioned on a first side of the length midpoint, at least thirty percent (30%) are positioned on a second, opposite side of the length midpoint, at least thirty percent (30%) are positioned on a first side of the width midpoint, and at least thirty percent (30%) are positioned on a second, opposite side of the width midpoint.
19. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the strain sensor array comprises an optical fiber cable and crossing segments of the optical fiber cable intersect in a plane defined by the top surface of the body, the crossing segments being separated from one another along an axis perpendicular to the plane by a distance of at least two-tenths of an inch (0.2 in.).
20. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the body has a length along a direction of travel, the strain sensor array being distributed across at least fifty percent (50%) of the length of the body and the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors being oriented lengthwise substantially parallel to the direction of travel.