Sensor deployment for modular pavement slabs
A pavement system includes a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface. The system includes a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body, strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer, and a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface.
1. A pavement system comprising:
a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface;
a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body;
a plurality of strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer;
a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface; and
wherein the plurality of strain sensors comprises an optical fiber cable embedded in a configuration that includes a bend with a bend radius of at least twenty millimeters (20 mm) and each of the plurality of strain sensors is separated from the bend by a length along the optical fiber cable of at least one centimeter (1 cm).
2. The pavement system according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of strain sensors are vehicle-strain sensors configured to detect strain on the body resulting from vehicles traveling across the top surface.
3. The pavement system according to claim 2 , wherein the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors operate at a scanning rate of at least five hundred Hertz (500 Hz).
4. The pavement system according to claim 1 , wherein the slab comprises a precast slab, further comprising a plurality of load-transferring connectors embedded along at least one of a plurality of sides of the slab and attached to an adjacent structure, the plurality of load-transferring connectors being configured to transfer load on the precast slab corresponding to the passing vehicles between the precast slab and the adjacent structure.
5. The pavement system according to claim 1 , further comprising a temperature sensor embedded in the body.
6. The pavement system according to claim 5 , wherein the processor is configured to make the determination based at least in part on temperature data from the temperature sensor.
7. A pavement system comprising:
a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface;
a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body;
a plurality of strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer;
a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface; and
wherein the plurality of strain sensors comprises an optical fiber cable and each of the plurality of strain sensors is separated from each other of the plurality of strain sensors by a length along the optical fiber cable of at least one centimeter (1 cm).
8. A pavement system comprising:
a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface;
a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body;
a plurality of strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer; and
a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface; and
wherein the reinforcement layer is configured in a grid pattern and extends across at least seventy percent (70%) of a length of the slab and across at least seventy percent (70%) of a width of the slab.
9. A pavement system comprising:
a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface;
a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body;
a plurality of strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer; and
a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface;
a temperature sensor embedded in the body; and
wherein the temperature sensor and the plurality of strain sensors comprise one or more optical fiber cables of a single sensor array.
10. A pavement system comprising:
a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface;
a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body;
a plurality of strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer; and
a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface;
a temperature sensor embedded in the body; and
wherein the temperature sensor comprises an optical fiber cable surrounded by an air gap encased in a housing.
11. The pavement system according to claim 10 , wherein the optical fiber cable enters and exits the housing respectively at entry and exit points, and the length of the optical fiber cable within the housing is at least one percent (1%) greater than a shortest distance between the entry and exit points of the housing.
12. A pavement system comprising:
a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface;
a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body;
a plurality of strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer; and
a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface;
a temperature sensor embedded in the body; and
wherein the temperature sensor operates at a scanning rate within ten percent (10%) of scanning rate(s) of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors.
13. A pavement system comprising:
a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface;
a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body;
a plurality of strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer;
a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface; and
an integrity sensor having at least one of a length and a spatial resolution of greater than fifty centimeters (50 cm), the integrity sensor being configured to monitor for structural damage.
14. The pavement system according to claim 13 , wherein the integrity sensor operates at a scanning rate of less than two hundred Hertz (200 Hz).
15. A pavement system comprising:
a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface;
a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body;
a plurality of strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer;
a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface; and
wherein each of the plurality of strain sensors has at least one of a length and a spatial resolution, along a length dimension of the body corresponding to a direction of travel, of equal to or less than fifty centimeters (50 cm).
16. The pavement system according to claim 15 , wherein—the length dimension of the body is bisected by a length midpoint, the body has a width perpendicular to the direction of travel and bisected by a width midpoint, the plurality of strain sensors are distributed across the body such that at least thirty percent (30%) of the strain sensors are positioned on a first side of the length midpoint, at least thirty percent (30%) are positioned on a second, opposite side of the length midpoint, at least thirty percent (30%) are positioned on a first side of the width midpoint, and at least thirty percent (30%) are positioned on a second, opposite side of the width midpoint.
17. A pavement system comprising:
a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface;
a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body;
a plurality of strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer;
a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface; and
wherein the plurality of strain sensors comprise an optical fiber cable and crossing segments of the optical fiber cable intersect in a plane defined by the top surface of the body, the crossing segments being separated from one another along an axis perpendicular to the plane by a distance of at least two-tenths of an inch (0.2 in.).
18. A pavement system comprising:
a slab having a body comprising pavement materials presenting a top surface;
a reinforcement layer comprising geogrid materials embedded in the body;
a plurality of strain sensors fixed to the reinforcement layer;
a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the slab, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the slab, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface; and
wherein the body has a length along a direction of travel, the plurality of strain sensors being distributed across at least fifty percent (50%) of the length of the body and the plurality of strain sensors being oriented lengthwise substantially parallel to the direction of travel.