Sensor deployment for modular pavement slabs
A segment of roadway includes a body having a top surface and a strain sensor array comprising one or more optical fiber cables embedded in the body. The strain sensor array includes an integrity sensor and vehicle-strain sensors. The vehicle-strain sensors are configured to detect strain on the body resulting from vehicles traveling across the top surface. Each of the vehicle-strain sensors has at least one of a spatial resolution and a length extending substantially parallel to a direction of travel of equal to or less than fifty centimeters (50 cm), and the integrity sensor has at least one of a spatial resolution and a length of greater than fifty centimeters (50 cm).
1. A segment of roadway comprising:
a body having a top surface; and
a strain sensor array comprising one or more optical fiber cables embedded in the body,
the strain sensor array comprising an integrity sensor and a plurality of vehicle-strain sensors,
the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors being configured to detect strain on the body resulting from vehicles traveling across the top surface,
each of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors having a length extending substantially parallel to a direction of travel with at least one of a length and a spatial resolution along the direction of travel being equal to or less than fifty centimeters (50 cm),
the integrity sensor having at least one of a length and a spatial resolution of greater than fifty centimeters (50 cm).
2. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , further comprising a temperature sensor surrounded by an air gap encased in a housing.
3. The segment of roadway according to claim 2 , further comprising a processor configured to determine movement of passing vehicles across the top surface at least in part by using temperature data from the temperature sensor to analyze or interpret electrical signals from the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors.
4. The segment of roadway according to claim 2 , wherein a first of the one or more optical fiber cables comprises the temperature sensor, the first optical fiber cable enters and exits the housing respectively at entry and exit points, and the length of the first optical fiber cable within the housing is at least one percent (1%) greater than a shortest distance between the entry and exit points of the housing.
5. The segment of roadway according to claim 2 , wherein the temperature sensor operates at a scanning rate within ten percent (10%) of scanning rate(s) of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors.
6. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein any segments of the one or more optical fiber cables that intersect in a plane parallel to the top surface are separated from one another along a depth axis by a distance of at least two-tenths of an inch (0.2 in.).
7. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors is separated from each other of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors along a width axis by at least two inches (2 in.).
8. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , further comprising a processor configured to collect multiple electrical signals across time from each of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors and to analyze the electrical signals to determine one or more of: (A) risk of a structural defect in the body, (B) risk of a problem with underlying sub-grade beneath the body, and (C) movement of passing objects across the top surface.
9. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors operate at a scanning rate of at least five hundred Hertz (500 Hz).
10. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more optical fiber cables are embedded in a configuration that includes a bend with a bend radius of at least twenty millimeters (20 mm).
11. The segment of roadway according to claim 10 , wherein each of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors is separated from the bend by at least one centimeter (1 cm).
12. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors is separated from each other of the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors by at least one centimeter (1 cm).
13. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the body comprises a precast slab, further comprising a plurality of load-transferring connectors embedded along at least one of a plurality of sides of the slab and attached to an adjacent structure, the plurality of load-transferring connectors being configured to transfer load on the precast slab corresponding to the passing vehicles between the precast slab and the adjacent structure.
14. The segment of roadway according to claim 13 , further comprising a reinforcement layer embedded in the body.
15. The segment of roadway according to claim 14 , wherein at least one of the one or more optical fiber cables is fixed to the reinforcement layer.
16. The segment of roadway according to claim 14 , wherein the plurality of sides of the slab respectively define a length in a direction of travel and a width of the body, and the reinforcement layer is configured in a grid pattern and extends across at least seventy percent (70%) of the length of the slab and across at least seventy percent (70%) of the width of the slab.
17. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the integrity sensor operates at a scanning rate of less than two hundred Hertz (200 Hz).
18. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein—
a length of the body along a direction of travel is bisected by a length midpoint,
a width of the body perpendicular to the direction of travel is bisected by a width midpoint,
the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors are distributed across the body such that at least thirty percent (30%) of the vehicle-strain sensors are positioned on a first side of the length midpoint, at least thirty percent (30%) are positioned on a second, opposite side of the length midpoint, at least thirty percent (30%) are positioned on a first side of the width midpoint, and at least thirty percent (30%) are positioned on a second, opposite side of the width midpoint.
19. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors are distributed across at least fifty percent (50%) of a length of the body along a direction of travel, and the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors are oriented lengthwise substantially parallel to the direction of travel.
20. The segment of roadway according to claim 1 , wherein the integrity sensor and the plurality of vehicle-strain sensors are included along one of the one or more optical fiber cables.