CATHODE CATALYSTS FOR CARBON OXIDE ELECTROLYZERS
Aspects of this disclosure pertain to catalyst compositions that include electrically conductive support particles; and metal catalyst particles attached to the electrically conductive support particles. The catalyst compositions may be used in cathodes of carbon oxide reduction electrolyzers.
1 . A catalyst composition comprising:
electrically conductive support particles; and
metal catalyst particles attached to the electrically conductive support particles, wherein the metal catalyst particles have a mean diameter of about 2 to 100 nm.
2 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal catalyst particles have a particle size dispersity of at most about 200%.
3 . The catalyst composition of claim 2 , wherein the metal catalyst particles have a particle size dispersity of at most about 15%.
4 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the metal catalyst particles attached to the conductive support particles have nearest neighbor metal catalyst particles on the respective conductive support particles to which they are attached, and wherein a spacing between the nearest neighbor metal catalyst particles has a dispersity of about 50% or less.
5 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal catalyst particles have a loading in catalyst composition of about 10-80% by mass fraction.
6 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein at least about 80% of electrically conductive particles are attached to the metal catalyst particles.
7 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein at least about 95% of the metal catalyst particles are attached to the electrically conductive support particles.
8 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein at least about 50% of the metal catalyst particles are single crystal particles.
9 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein at least about 85% of metal catalyst particles in the composition have a sphericity of at least about 90%.
10 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive support particles have a mean diameter of about 10 to 100 nm.
11 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive support particles have a porosity of about 10% to 80%.
12 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive support particles have a surface area to volume of about 20 to 2000 cm 3 /100 g.
13 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal catalyst particles comprise at least about 90% atomic of a metal selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, and iridium.
14 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal catalyst particles comprise gold metal.
15 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal catalyst particles comprise about 200 ppm or less of boron or one or more alkali metals.
16 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal catalyst particles comprise about 20 ppm or less of any transition metal.
17 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive support particles comprise carbon.
18 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive support particles comprise an amorphous carbon.
19 . The catalyst composition of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive support particles comprise carbon black.
20 . A cathode catalyst layer comprising:
an ionomer; and
the catalyst composition of claim 1 .
21 . The cathode catalyst layer of claim 20 , wherein the ionomer is an anion conducting polymer.
22 . A membrane electrode assembly comprising the catalyst layer of claim 20 .