Thermochromic metal halide perovskite windows with ideal transition temperatures
The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first phase that includes a perovskite and a second phase that includes a salt, a polymer, and a switching molecule, where the first phase and the second phase are in physical contact, and the composition is capable of reversibly switching between a substantially opaque state and a substantially transparent state.
1. A composition comprising:
a first phase comprising at least one of a three-dimensional (3D) perovskite or a zero-dimensional (0D) perovskite; and
a second phase comprising a switching molecule, wherein:
the first phase and the second phase are in physical contact,
the composition is capable of reversibly switching between a substantially opaque state and a substantially transparent state,
when in the opaque state, the first phase comprises a plurality of pores and the 3D perovskite comprising ABX 3 ,
when in the transparent state, the first phase comprises the switching molecule and the 0D perovskite comprising at least one of A 6 BX 8 or A 4 BX 6 ,
A comprises a first cation,
B comprises a second cation,
X comprises a first anion, and
the composition is capable of switching between the opaque state and transparent state when the composition transitions through acritical temperature, T c , between 20° C. and 95° C.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein T c is between 20° C. and 75° C.
3. The composition of claim 2 , where T c is between 20° C. and 25° C.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the switching molecule comprises at least one of water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, or butanol.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the switching molecule comprises at least one of water or methanol.
6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein when in the transparent state, the first phase comprises at least one of A 6 BX 8 ·2MeOH or A 4 BX 6 ·2H 2 O.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 0D perovskite comprises AX to BX at a ratio that is greater than 1.0.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein A comprises at least one of methyl ammonium, formamidinium, or cesium.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein B comprises at least one of lead, tin, germanium, or a transition metal.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein X comprises a halide.
11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein: the salt comprises at least one of AX or AX′, and X′ comprises a second anion.
12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein X′ comprises at least one of chloride or iodide.
13. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the second phase further comprises a polymer.
14. The composition of claim 13 , wherein the polymer comprises carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
15. The composition of claim 14 , wherein the polymer comprises at least one of an ether linkage, a ketone linkage, an amide linkage, a hydroxyl group, or a carboxylic acid group.
16. The composition of claim 15 , wherein the polymer comprises at least one of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyacrylic acid (PAA), or polyethyleneimine.
17. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is present at a concentration between about 0.1 wt % and about 50 wt % relative to the 0D perovskite.
18. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the pores are present at a concentration between about 0.1 vol % and about 70 vol % relative to the 3D perovskite.
19. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the perovskite comprises a plurality of grains separated by a plurality of grain boundaries, at least a portion of the polymer is positioned at least one of adjacent to the pores or within the pores while in the opaque state, and at least a portion of the polymer is positioned at least one of adjacent to the grain boundaries or within the grain boundaries while in the transparent state.
20. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 3D perovskite comprises MAPbI 3 , and MA is methylammonium.
21. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 0D perovskite comprises at least one of MA 6 PbI 8 or MA 4 PbI 6 , and MA is methylammonium.
22. The composition of claim 21 , wherein when in the transparent state, the first phase comprises at least one of MA 6 PbI 8 ·2MeOH or MA 4 PbI 6 ·2H 2 O.
23. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the second phase further comprises a salt.
24. The composition of claim 23 , wherein the salt comprises at least one of MAX, MAX′, FAX, FAX′, CsX, or CsX′, MA is methylammonium, and FA is formamidinium.