Articles fabricated from cold-worked and case- hardened essentially co-free stainless steel alloys and methods of fabrication thereof
A method for fabricating an article includes forming a billet consisting essentially of a stainless steel composition of manganese 2.00 wt. %-24.00 wt. % chromium 19.00 wt. %-30 wt. % molybdenum 0.50 wt. %-4.0 wt. % nitrogen 0.25 wt. %-1.10 wt. % carbon ≤1 wt. % phosphorus ≤0.03 wt. % sulfur ≤1 wt. % nickel <22 wt. % cobalt <0.10 wt. % silicon ≤1 wt. % niobium ≤0.80 wt. % oxygen ≤1 wt. % copper ≤0.25 wt. % balance iron. The billet is annealed and cold worked to form an article. Without annealing of the article, the article is subsequently case hardened at a single case hardening temperature to form a surface layer on a top surface thereof. Articles formed with the indicated stainless steel composition with case hardened surface layers are also provided.
1. A method for fabricating an article, comprising the steps of:
forming a billet consisting essentially of a stainless steel composition of
manganese 2.00 wt. %-24.00 wt. %
chromium 19.00 wt. %-30.00 wt. %
molybdenum 0.50 wt. %-4.00 wt. %
nitrogen 0.25 wt. %-1.10 wt. %
carbon ≤1.00 wt. %
phosphorus ≤0.03 wt. %
sulfur ≤1.00 wt. %
nickel <22.00 wt. %
cobalt <0.10 wt. %
silicon ≤1.00 wt. %
niobium ≤0.80 wt. %
oxygen ≤1.00 wt. %
copper ≤0.25 wt. %
balance iron;
annealing the billet;
cold working the billet to form the article; and
without annealing of the article, subsequently case hardening the article at a single case hardening temperature to form a surface layer on a top surface thereof, wherein case hardening comprises at least one of boriding, carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, or a combination thereof without formation of borides, carbides, nitride, and carbonitrides,
wherein (i) the surface layer comprises a surface hardness of at least 350 HV, and (ii) the article comprises an articulating orthopedic device comprising a first element comprising a first articular surface and a second element comprising a second articular surface configured to articulate with the first articular surface, the first and second elements consisting essentially of the stainless steel composition, and wherein the first and second articular surfaces each comprise the surface layer comprising the stainless steel composition and further comprising at least one of carbon, nitrogen, or boron diffused therein.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the billet consists essentially of a stainless steel composition of
manganese 21.00 wt. %-24.00 wt. %
chromium 19.00 wt. %-23.00 wt. %
molybdenum 0.50 wt. %-1.50 wt. %
nitrogen 0.85 wt. %-1.10 wt. %
carbon ≤0.08 wt. %
phosphorus ≤0.03 wt. %
sulfur ≤0.01 wt. %
nickel ≤0.05 wt. %
cobalt <0.10 wt. %
silicon ≤0.75 wt. %
niobium 0.00 wt. %
oxygen not intentionally added
copper ≤0.25 wt. %
balance iron.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the billet consists essentially of a stainless steel composition of
manganese 2.00 wt. %-4.25 wt. %
chromium 19.50 wt. %-22.00 wt. %
molybdenum 2.00 wt. %-3.00 wt. %
nitrogen 0.25 wt. %-0.50 wt. %
carbon ≤0.08 wt. %
phosphorus ≤0.025 wt. %
sulfur ≤0.01 wt. %
nickel 9.00 wt. %-11.00 wt. %
cobalt <0.10 wt. %
silicon ≤0.75 wt. %
niobium 0.25 wt. %-0.80 wt. %
oxygen not intentionally added
copper ≤0.25 wt. %
balance iron.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the billet consists essentially of a stainless steel composition of
manganese 5.85 wt. %-15.00 wt. %
chromium 27.00 wt. %-30.00 wt. %
molybdenum 1.50 wt. %-4.00 wt. %
nitrogen 0.80 wt. %-0.97 wt. %
phosphorus <0.02 wt. %
nickel 8.00 wt. %-22.00 wt. %
cobalt <0.01 wt. %
silicon, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur such that (silicon+oxygen+carbon+sulfur) ≤1.00 wt. %
niobium 0.00 wt. %
copper ≤0.01 wt. %
balance iron.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the billet comprises:
forming a powder comprising the stainless steel composition; and
pressing the powder to form the billet.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein cold working the billet comprises at least one of cold forming, cold rolling, cold drawing, shot peening, or pilgering.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the case hardening temperature is selected from a range of 400° C.-1000° C.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the case hardening temperature is selected from a range of 400° C.-600° C.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the case hardening temperature is selected from a range of 400° C.-550° C.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the case hardening is performed for a duration selected from a range of 1 to 16 hours.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein case hardening comprises boriding.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein case hardening comprises nitriding.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein case hardening comprises carbonitriding.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface hardness is at least 510 HV.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface hardness is at least 850 HV.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising an acetabular cup disposed between the first and second elements.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the acetabular cup comprises at least one of a metal, a ceramic, or a polymer.