Stress engineered microspring for cryogenic superconducting circuits
A microspring includes a film stack having a base disposed on a build plane and a spring member extending from the base. The film stack includes a compressive layer, a substantially stress-free layer, and a tensile layer. The film stack is formed of one or more materials that become superconducting below 140 K. A stress gradient in the film stack causes the spring member to curl away from the build plane of the base.
1. A structure, comprising:
a microspring comprising a film stack having a base disposed on a build surface and a spring member extending from the base; and
the film stack comprising a compressive layer, a substantially stress-free layer, and a tensile layer, the film stack formed of one or more materials that become superconducting below 140 K;
wherein a stress gradient in the film stack causes the spring member to curl away from the build surface of the base.
2. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the substantially stress-free layer is sandwiched between the compressive layer and the tensile layer.
3. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the substantially stress-free layer is above the compressive layer and the tensile layer relative to the build surface.
4. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the substantially stress-free layer is below the compressive layer and the tensile layer relative to the build surface.
5. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the compressive layer, the substantially stress-free layer, and the tensile layer are formed of Nb.
6. The structure of claim 1 , comprising a top Au layer and a bottom Au layer, wherein the film stack is disposed between the top and bottom Au layers.
7. The structure of claim 1 , wherein a lift height by which the spring member curls away from the build surface of the base is a controlled by a thickness of the substantially stress-free layer.
8. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the substantially stress-free layer has a thickness greater than a thickness of the compressive layer and a thickness of the tensile layer.
9. The structure of claim 8 , wherein the substantially stress-free layer has a higher critical temperature than the compressive and tensile layers.
10. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the microspring is disposed on a prefabricated cryogenic electronic device or a superconductive quantum computing device.
11. A structure, comprising:
a microspring disposed on a build surface and comprising a film stack with a base and a spring member extending from the base; and
the film stack comprising, in order from the build surface:
a compressive layer having a first thickness;
a substantially stress-free layer having a second thickness; and
a tensile layer having a third thickness, wherein the second thickness is greater than the first and third thicknesses;
wherein a stress gradient in the film stack causes the spring member to curl away from the build surface of the base.
12. The structure of claim 11 , wherein the compressive layer, the substantially stress-free layer, and the tensile layer are formed of Nb.
13. The structure of claim 11 , wherein the substantially stress-free layer has a higher critical temperature than the compressive and tensile layers.
14. The structure of claim 11 , wherein the microspring is disposed on a prefabricated cryogenic electronic device or a superconductive quantum computing device.
15. The structure of claim 11 , comprising a top metal layer and a bottom metal layer, wherein the film stack is disposed between the top and bottom metal layers, wherein the top and bottom metal layers comprise gold (Au).
16. A method of forming a microspring structure, comprising:
depositing a sacrificial release layer over a substrate, the sacrificial release layer defining a build surface;
depositing a film stack over the sacrificial release layer, the film stack comprising a compressive layer proximate the substrate, a tensile layer spaced from the substrate, and a substantially stress-free layer disposed between the compressive and tensile layers, the film stack formed of one or more materials that become superconducting below 140 K;
patterning the film stack to define the microspring structure on the build surface, the microspring structure comprising a base and a spring member extending from the base; and
removing a portion of the sacrificial release layer located under the spring member, such that stress within the film stack causes the spring member to curl out of the build surface.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the compressive layer, the substantially stress-free layer, and the tensile layer are formed of Nb.
18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising patterning a photoresist layer over an edge of the base and a portion of the spring member near the base, wherein a profile of the spring member is controlled by:
selection of a size of the portion of the spring member near the base that is covered by the photoresist layer; and
selection of an overlap between the sacrificial release and the spring member away from the base.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the depositing of the film stack comprises varying a deposition pressure in a sputtering chamber to induce intrinsic compressive, neutral, and tensile stresses respectively in the compressive layer, the substrate, the tensile layer, and the substantially stress-free layer.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the substantially stress-free layer has a higher critical temperature than the compressive and tensile layers.