Building management system with particulate sensing
Systems and methods for particulate sensing of a building. Some embodiments relate to an air handling unit of an HVAC system of a building. The air handling unit includes a zone sensor configured to sample a first zone and measure a first particle disturbance of the first zone, an integrated sampling system includes one or more integrated sensors configured to measure a second particle disturbance of an outdoor air stream and a third particle disturbance of an indoor air stream. The air handling unit further includes an air handling unit controller configured to control operation of the air handling unit, responsive to comparing the second particle disturbance with at least one of the first particle disturbance or and the third particle disturbance.
1 . An air handling unit of an HVAC system of a building, the air handling unit comprising:
a zone sensor configured to sample a first zone and measure a first particle disturbance of the first zone;
an integrated sampling system comprising:
piping coupled to at least one of ducting or one or more air dampers and configured to collect a plurality of air stream samples; and
a switching manifold coupled to the piping and configured to selectively provide an air stream sample of the plurality of air stream samples from one or more pipes of the piping to one or more integrated sensors, wherein the one or more integrated sensors are configured to determine a second particle disturbance of an outdoor air stream when the outdoor air stream is selected, and determine a third particle disturbance of an indoor air stream when the indoor air stream is selected, wherein at least one of the second particle disturbance or the third particle disturbance is determined based on generating a size-resolved particulate dataset corresponding to a classification of a plurality of particle counts or a plurality of particle concentrations; and
an air handling unit controller configured to control operation of the air handling unit responsive to:
comparing the second particle disturbance with at least one of the first particle disturbance or the third particle disturbance; and
determining an air stream source of a pollutant in the first zone responsive to the comparison.
2 . The air handling unit of claim 1 , wherein the integrated sampling system is further configured to operate an actuator to selectively provide the air stream sample of the plurality of air stream samples via an output of the switching manifold to a plurality of inputs of the one or more integrated sensors.
3 . The air handling unit of claim 2 , wherein the output of the switching manifold is coupled to an inline pump configured to provide the air stream sample from the output of the switching manifold to the plurality of inputs of the one or more integrated sensors, and wherein the one or more integrated sensors simultaneously measure characteristics of at least one of the plurality of air stream samples.
4 . The air handling unit of claim 1 , the air handling unit controller is further configured to:
estimate a filtration efficiency based on the air stream sample from the one or more integrated sensors; and
determine a corrective action based on the filtration efficiency, wherein the corrective action is at least one of a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values (MERV) rating change, an air handling unit filter replacement notification, an update of a benchmark filter effectiveness, or modifying a control strategy for a zone of the building.
5 . The air handling unit of claim 4 , wherein modifying the control strategy causes the air handling unit controller to implement the control strategy to control HVAC equipment of the building, and wherein the integrated sampling system is fixedly coupled to the air handling unit controller, and wherein the control strategy further comprises adjusting at least one control of the HVAC equipment based on one or more instructions, and wherein the air handling unit controller is further configured to:
calculate an operating cost of increasing an outdoor air fraction based on increasing outdoor air intake by at least one of the one or more air dampers; and
optimize a ventilation schedule based on either (1) maintaining the outdoor air fraction and minimizing the operating cost, or (2) maximizing the outdoor air fraction and maintaining the operating cost below a predefined threshold.
6 . The air handling unit of claim 1 , further comprising:
a humidifier within the ducting and configured to evaporate an aqueous solution into air flowing through the ducting, wherein the aqueous solution comprises a plurality of particles with one or more recorded particle sizes.
7 . The air handling unit of claim 6 , wherein the humidifier is further configured to seed a zone of the building with the plurality of particles of the aqueous solution, and wherein the air handling unit controller is further configured to estimate a decay rate of the plurality of particles based on receiving particle disturbances of the zone sensor over a period of time.
8 . The air handling unit of claim 1 , a processing circuit of the integrated sampling system is configured to:
generate a first size-resolved particulate dataset of a supply air stream sample supplied by the one or more integrated sensors based on sorting supply airborne particles of the supply air stream sample into size bins based on a diameter of the supply airborne particles, wherein a first size bin of the size bins is associated with a first diameter range of the supply airborne particles and a second size bin of the size bins is associated with a second diameter range of the supply airborne particles;
calculate a first size distribution of the supply air stream sample based on the first size-resolved particulate dataset;
generate a second size-resolved particulate dataset of an outside air stream sample supplied by the one or more integrated sensors based on sorting outside airborne particles of an outdoor air stream sample into the size bins based on a diameter of the outside airborne particles;
calculate a second size distribution of the outdoor air stream sample based on the second size-resolved particulate dataset;
compare the first size distribution of with the supply air stream sample with the second size distribution of the outdoor air stream sample; and
in response to comparing the first size distribution and the second size distribution:
determine an outside air stream is a source of a pollutant based on determining the supply airborne particles comprise primarily outdoor air, responsive to the first size distribution and the second size distribution being within a threshold similarity based on the comparison; or
determine a supply air stream is a limited source of the pollutant based on determining the first size distribution is smaller than the second size distribution and the first size distribution and the second size distribution being outside the threshold similarity based on the comparison.
9 . The air handling unit of claim 8 , the processing circuit of the integrated sampling system further configured to:
when the outside air stream is the source of the pollutant, modify a control strategy; and
when the supply air stream is the limited source of the pollutant, maintain the control strategy.
10 . An integrated sampling system of an air handling unit of a building, the integrated sampling system comprising:
piping coupled to at least one of ducting or one or more air dampers and configured to collect a plurality of air stream samples;
a switching manifold coupled to the piping and configured to selectively provide an air stream sample of the plurality of air stream samples from one or more pipes of the piping to one or more integrated sensors;
the one or more integrated sensors configured to determine a second particle disturbance of an outdoor air stream when the outdoor air stream is selected, and determine a third particle disturbance of an indoor air stream when the indoor air stream is selected, wherein at least one of the second particle disturbance or the third particle disturbance is determined based on generating a size-resolved particulate dataset corresponding to a classification of a plurality of particle counts or a plurality of particle concentrations; and
a processing circuit configured to control operation of the air handling unit responsive to:
comparing the second particle disturbance with at least one of a first particle disturbance of a first zone or the third particle disturbance; and
determining an air stream source of a pollutant in the first zone responsive to the comparison.
11 . The integrated sampling system of claim 10 , wherein the integrated sampling system is further configured to operate an actuator to selectively provide the air stream sample of the plurality of air stream samples via an output of the switching manifold to a plurality of inputs of the one or more integrated sensors.
12 . The integrated sampling system of claim 11 , wherein the output of the switching manifold is coupled to an inline pump configured to provide the air stream sample from the output of the switching manifold to the plurality of inputs of the one or more integrated sensors.
13 . The integrated sampling system of claim 11 , the processing circuit is further configured to:
estimate a filtration efficiency based on the air stream sample from the one or more integrated sensors; and
determine a corrective action based on the filtration efficiency, wherein the corrective action is at least one of a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values (MERV) rating change, an air handling unit filter replacement notification, an update of a benchmark filter effectiveness, or modifying a control strategy for a zone of the building.
14 . The integrated sampling system of claim 13 , wherein modifying the control strategy causes the processing circuit to implement the control strategy to control HVAC equipment of the building, wherein the control strategy further comprises adjusting at least one control of the HVAC equipment based on one or more instructions, and wherein the processing circuit is further configured to:
calculate an operating cost of increasing an outdoor air fraction based on increasing outdoor air intake by at least one of the one or more air dampers; and
optimize a ventilation schedule based on either (1) maintaining the outdoor air fraction and minimizing the operating cost, or (2) maximizing the outdoor air fraction and maintaining the operating cost below a predefined threshold.
15 . The integrated sampling system of claim 10 , the processing circuit of the integrated sampling system is further configured to:
generate a first size-resolved particulate dataset of a supply air stream sample supplied by the one or more integrated sensors based on sorting supply airborne particles of the supply air stream sample into size bins based on a diameter of the supply airborne particles, wherein a first size bin of the size bins is associated with a first diameter range of the supply airborne particles and a second size bin of the size bins is associated with a second diameter range of the supply airborne particles;
calculate a first size distribution of the supply air stream sample based on the first size-resolved particulate dataset;
generate a second size-resolved particulate dataset of an outside air stream sample supplied by the one or more integrated sensors based on sorting outside airborne particles of an outdoor air stream sample into the size bins based on a diameter of the outside airborne particles;
calculate a second size distribution of the outdoor air stream sample based on the second size-resolved particulate dataset;
compare the first size distribution of with the supply air stream sample with the second size distribution of the outdoor air stream sample; and
in response to comparing the first size distribution and the second size distribution:
determine an outside air stream is a source of a pollutant based on determining the supply airborne particles comprise primarily outdoor air, responsive to the first size distribution and the second size distribution being within a threshold similarity based on the comparison; or
determine a supply air stream is a limited source of the pollutant based on determining the first size distribution is smaller than the second size distribution and the first size distribution and the second size distribution being outside the threshold similarity based on the comparison.
16 . The integrated sampling system of claim 15 , the processing circuit of the integrated sampling system further configured to:
when the outside air stream is the source of the pollutant, modify a control strategy; and
when the supply air stream is the limited source of the pollutant, maintain the control strategy.
17 . A computer-implemented method for particulate sensing of a building, the computer-implemented method comprising:
sampling and measuring, by an air handling unit, a first zone for a first particle disturbance of the first zone;
collecting, by the air handling unit from piping, a plurality of air stream samples;
selectively providing, by the air handling unit using an integrated sampling system, an air stream sample of the plurality of air stream samples from one or more pipes of the piping to one or more integrated sensors;
determining, by the air handling unit using the integrated sampling system, a second particle disturbance of an outdoor air stream when the outdoor air stream is selected, and determine a third particle disturbance of an indoor air stream when the indoor air stream is selected, wherein at least one of the second particle disturbance or the third particle disturbance is determined based on generating a size-resolved particulate dataset corresponding to a classification of a plurality of particle counts or a plurality of particle concentrations; and
controlling, by the air handling unit, operation of the air handling unit responsive to:
comparing the second particle disturbance with at least one of the first particle disturbance or the third particle disturbance; and
determining an air stream source of a pollutant in the first zone responsive to the comparison.
18 . The computer-implemented method of claim 17 , further comprising:
estimating, by the air handling unit, a filtration efficiency based on the air stream sample from the one or more integrated sensors; and
determining, by the air handling unit, a corrective action based on the filtration efficiency, wherein the corrective action is at least one of a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values (MERV) rating change, an air handling unit filter replacement notification, an update of a benchmark filter effectiveness, or modifying a control strategy for a zone of the building.
19 . The computer-implemented method of claim 17 , further comprising:
evaporating, by the air handling unit, an aqueous solution into air flowing through ducting, wherein the aqueous solution comprises a plurality of particles with one or more recorded particle sizes.
20 . The computer-implemented method of claim 19 , further comprising:
seeding, by the air handling unit, a zone of the building with the plurality of particles of the aqueous solution, and wherein the air handling unit is further configured to estimate a decay rate of the plurality of particles based on receiving particle disturbances of a zone sensor over a period of time.