Glycan Analysis and Profiling

1 . A glycan array comprising:

a. a substrate, and

b. at least four glycans, each attached to said substrate by a linker, wherein the percentage of attached glycans comprising N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is from 25% to 75%.

2 . The glycan array of claim 1 , wherein said at least four glycans are independently selected from the group consisting of:

Araα1,2Araα-R;

Araα1,2Glcβ-R;

Araα1,3Glcβ-R;

Araα1,4Glcβ-R;

Araα1,5Araα-R;

Araα1,6Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,2[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcα-R;

Fucα1,2[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,2[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,2[Galβ1,4]Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ1,4[Fucα1,3]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,2Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3[Fucα1,2Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,3[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3[Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,3[GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ1,6[GlcNAcβ1,3]Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,3Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,4[Galα1,3]GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,4[Galβ1,3]GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,4[Galβ1,3]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Fucα1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Fucα1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,6[GlcNAcβ1,4]Manα-R;

Fucα1,6[Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4]GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucα1,6GlcNAcβ-R;

Fucβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

GalNAcα1,3[Fucα1,2]Galβ1,4-R;

GalNAcα1,3[Fucα1,2]Galβ-R;

GalNAcα-R;

GalNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

GalNAcβ1,4[Neu5Acα2,3]Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galα1,2Galα-R;

Galα1,3[Fucα1,2]Galβ1,4-R;

Galα1,3Galα-R;

Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Galα1,6Galα-R;

Galβ1,2Galβ-R;

Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

Galβ1,3Galβ1,4Xylβ-R;

Galβ1,3Galβ-R;

Galβ1,3GlcNAcα-R;

Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Galβ1,4[Fucα1,3]GlcNAcβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAc1,4[GlcNAcβ1,2]Manα-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAc6SB-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4[GlcNAcβ1,2]Manα-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,4Xylβ-R;

Galβ1,6Galβ-R;

Galβ1,6Galβ1,4Gal1,4Glcβ-R;

Galβ1,6Galβ1,4Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

GlcAβ1,3Galβ1,3Gal1,4XylB-R;

GlcAβ1,3Galβ1,3Galβ1,4Xylβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,2Manα1,3[Manα1,6]Manβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3[Galβ1,6]GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3[GlcNAcβ1,6]GalNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3[GlcNAcβ1,6]Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,30[GlcNAcβ1,6]Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3Galα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,4[Fucα2,6]GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,4[Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,2]Manα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,4[GlcNAcβ1,2]Manα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6[Galβ1,3]GalNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6[Galβ1,3]GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6[Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3]Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6[GlcNAcβ1,3]Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6GalNAcβ1,3Galα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6Galα-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

GlcNAcβ1,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Glcα1,2Glcα-R;

Glcα1,3Glcα-R;

Glcα1,4Glcα-R;

Glcα1,6Glcα-R;

Glcβ1,2Glcβ-R;

Glcβ1,3Glcβ-R;

Glcβ1,6Gicβ-R;

Glcβ1,6Glcβ-R;

KDNα2,8Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

KDNα2,8Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Manα1,2Manα1,2Manα-R;

Manα1,2Manα-R;

Manα1,3[Manα1,6]Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manα1,3Manα1,2Manα1,2Manα-R;

Manα1,3Manα1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manα1,3Manα-R;

Manα1,4GlcNAcβ1,4[Fucα1,6]GlcNAcβ-R;

Manα1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manα1,6Manα-R;

Manα1,6Manα1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4[Fucα1,6]GlcNAcβ-R;

Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4[Fucα2,6]GlcNAcβ-R;

Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GicNAcβ-R;

Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,3Galβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,6GalNAcα-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5,9Ac2α2,6Galβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3 [Neu5Acα2,6]GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAc6SB-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4[Fucα1,3]GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc6SB-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,3Galβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6(KDNα2,3)Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6(Neu5Acα2,3)Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6(Neu5Gcα2,3)Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,6GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcα-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,6Galβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8KDNα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Acα2,3Galβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Acα2,8Neu5Gcα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,3Galβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,6GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gc9Acα2,6Galβ-R;

Neu5GcOMea2,8Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAc6Sβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc6Sβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,6GalNAcα-R;

Neu5Gcα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,6Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,6Galβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,8Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

Neu5Gcα2,8Neu5Gcα2,3Galβ1,4Glcβ-R;

NeuAcα2,3Galβ1,3[NeuAcα2,6]GalNAcα-R;

Xylα1,2Manα-R;

Xylα1,3Glcβ-R; and

Xylα1,3Xylα1,3Glcβ-R;

wherein R is a linker.

3 . The glycan array of claim 2 , wherein said percentage of attached glycans comprising N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is from about 30% to about 50%.

4 . The glycan array of claim 3 , comprising at least one pair of attached glycans differing only by the substitution of a Neu5Gc residue for a Neu5Ac residue.

5 . The glycan array of claim 4 , comprising at least 40 pairs of attached glycans, wherein the members of each pair differ by the substitution of a Neu5Gc residue for a Neu5Ac residue.

6 . The glycan array of claim 2 , wherein said linker is selected from the group consisting of —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 NH 2 and —O(CH 2 ) 3 NHCOCH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 6 NH 2 .

7 . A method of obtaining an anti-glycan antibody profile comprising:

a. obtaining a sample, wherein said sample comprises one or more antibodies,

b. contacting the glycan array of claim 1 with said sample,

c. obtaining glycan array binding results, and

d. preparing an anti-glycan antibody profile based on said glycan array binding results.

8 . The method of claim 7 , further comprising:

a. selecting at least one binding assay,

b. contacting said sample with said at least one binding assay,

c. obtaining results from said at least one binding assay, and

d. updating said anti-glycan antibody profile based on said results from said at least one binding assay.

9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein said at least one binding assay is selected from the group consisting of an alternative glycan array, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a flow cytometry-based assay and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based assay.

10 . (canceled)

11 . (canceled)

12 . (canceled)

13 . (canceled)

14 . The method of claim 7 , wherein said sample is obtained from an in vivo source and said in vivo source is selected from the group consisting of a human subject and a non-human animal subject.

15 . (canceled)

16 . The method of claim 14 , wherein said sample is obtained from a human subject and wherein said sample is selected from the group consisting of blood, plasma, serum, cells, tissues, organs, mucus, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and urine.

17 . A method of diagnosing a disease, disorder and/or condition comprising the use of an anti-glycan antibody profile obtained according to claim 7 .

18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein said disease, disorder and/or condition is selected from the group consisting of a cancer or cancer-related indication; an immune-related indication; a viral indication; a cardiovascular indication; and a gastrointestinal indication.

19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein said disease, disorder and/or condition comprises a cancer or cancer-related indication and wherein said anti-glycan antibody profile comprises an anti-tumor associated carbohydrate antigen (TACA) antibody profile.

20 . A diagnostic kit comprising the glycan array of claim 1 and instructions for use thereof.

21 . A method of preparing a diagnostic array comprising:

a. obtaining a glycan profile of a cancerous tissue;

b. selecting at least one glycan based on said glycan profile;

c. preparing a pH-optimized printing buffer, wherein the pH of said pH-optimized printing buffer stabilizes at least one chemical group on said at least one glycan; and

d. preparing a diagnostic array with said at least one glycan and said pH-optimized printing buffer.

22 . The method of claim 21 , wherein said at least one chemical group comprises a 9-O acetyl group.

23 . A method of preparing a diagnostic array comprising:

a. obtaining a glycan profile of a cancerous tissue, wherein the glycan density of the cancerous tissue glycans is determined;

b. selecting at least one cancerous tissue glycan based on said glycan profile;

c. preparing a glycan density-optimized printing buffer; and

d. preparing a diagnostic array with said glycan density-optimized printing buffer.

24 . The method of claim 23 , wherein said cancerous tissue glycan comprises STn.

25 . A diagnostic array prepared according to the method of claim 21 .

26 . A method of diagnosing cancer in a subject comprising:

a. obtaining a subject sample;

b. applying said subject sample to the diagnostic array of claim 25 ; and

c. detecting at least one anti-glycan antibody using said diagnostic array, thereby diagnosing cancer.

27 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said at least one anti-glycan antibody comprises an anti-STn antibody.