Method of forming composites by joule heating of enveloping metallic sheets
A method of manufacturing a complex-shaped composite part, including the steps of applying a metallic sheath around a composite laminate workpiece and applying an electric current through the metallic sheath to heat the workpiece. The metallic sheath may be sealed around the composite laminate workpiece, with air or atmosphere evacuated therefrom. The method also includes shaping the workpiece in the metallic sheath into a complex-shaped composite part while it is being heated. The shaping can be performed between two ceramic dies or using other techniques for forming complex shapes and curvatures into the workpiece. The method then may include cooling the complex-shaped composite part and removing the metallic sheath from the complex-shaped composite part. This method minimizes cycle times and reduces breakage of fiber reinforcement of the composite laminate. The method also helps avoid tearing, buckling, or wrinkling of the workpiece during formation via the structural support provided.
1. A method of manufacturing a complex-shaped composite part, the method comprising:
applying a metallic sheath around at least two opposing surfaces of a workpiece, wherein the workpiece is a composite laminate;
applying an electric current through the metallic sheath to heat the workpiece;
shaping the workpiece in the metallic sheath into the complex-shaped composite part; and
cooling the complex-shaped composite part;
wherein shaping comprises at least partially drawing the metallic sheath through non-conductive rollers, biased against at least one side of the metallic sheath and located at opposing edge regions of the metallic sheath, toward a non-conductive tooling surface and then fully compressing the metallic sheath with the workpiece therein against the non-conductive tooling surface while electric current is applied through the workpiece.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing the metallic sheath from the complex-shaped composite part.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the workpiece is made of a fiber reinforced thermoplastic or thermoset composite laminate.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-conductive tooling surface comprises inward-facing surfaces of two mating ceramic dies.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-conductive tooling surface is a ceramic die surface within a pressure chamber.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-conductive tooling surface is a plurality of non-conductive tooling surfaces each on one of a plurality of reconfigurable shafts, wherein the plurality of reconfigurable shafts are each independently actuatable to extend by varying lengths to cooperatively form different shaped contours from the plurality of non-conductive tooling surfaces.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein some portions of the metallic sheath have different conductivities or thicknesses than other portions of the metallic sheath.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the metallic sheath further comprises fully enclosing the workpiece in the metallic sheath and evacuating atmosphere through an opening of the metallic sheath.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising sealing the opening of the metallic sheath during or following said evacuating, as well as cutting open and removing the metallic sheath from the complex-shaped composite part after cooling.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metallic sheath comprises sheet metal including one or more of cobalt base alloys, nickel base alloys, heat resistant and corrosion resistant steels, Maraging steels, ultrahigh strength steels, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium alloys, and extreme temperature refractory alloys.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein a sacrificial foil or sheet is placed between the metallic sheath and the workpiece or wherein inside surfaces of the metallic sheath are coated with a release agent or pre-oxidized to prevent bonding of the workpiece to the metallic sheath.
12. A method of manufacturing a complex-shaped composite part, the method comprising:
applying a metallic sheath around at least two opposing surfaces of a workpiece, wherein the workpiece is a composite laminate;
applying an electric current through the metallic sheath to heat the workpiece;
shaping the workpiece in the metallic sheath into the complex-shaped composite part; and
cooling the complex-shaped composite part;
wherein opposing edge portions of the metallic sheath and the workpiece are fixedly attached to clamps on translatable frame pieces, wherein shaping further comprises the translatable frame pieces translating toward each other as the metallic sheath with the workpiece therein is drawn into a non-conductive tooling cavity while the electric current is applied.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein shaping the workpiece in the metallic sheath comprises pressing the workpiece in the metallic sheath between two or more non-conductive dies.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein shaping the workpiece in the metallic sheath comprises pressing the workpiece in the metallic sheath against a non-conductive tooling surface.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the non-conductive tooling surface comprises inward-facing surfaces of two mating ceramic dies.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the non-conductive tooling surface is a ceramic die surface within a pressure chamber.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the non-conductive tooling surface is a plurality of non-conductive tooling surfaces each on one of a plurality of reconfigurable shafts, wherein the plurality of reconfigurable shafts are each independently actuatable to extend by varying lengths to cooperatively form different shaped contours from the plurality of non-conductive tooling surfaces.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the metallic sheath comprises sheet metal including one or more of cobalt base alloys, nickel base alloys, heat resistant and corrosion resistant steels, Maraging steels, ultrahigh strength steels, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium alloys, and extreme temperature refractory alloys.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein applying the metallic sheath further comprises fully enclosing the workpiece in the metallic sheath and evacuating atmosphere through an opening of the metallic sheath, and the method further comprises sealing the opening of the metallic sheath during or following said evacuating, as well as cutting open and removing the metallic sheath from the complex-shaped composite part after cooling.