Enhanced directional couplers for massive MIMO antenna systems
A directional coupler includes a primary transmission line electrically coupled in series between an input port and an output port of the coupler, and an asymmetric, meander-shaped, secondary transmission line, which is electrically coupled in series between a coupling port and an isolation port of the coupler. The secondary transmission line includes a first coupling segment, which is reactively coupled to a first portion of the primary transmission line, and a second coupling segment, which is reactively coupled to a second portion of the primary transmission line, and is spaced closer to, or farther from, the primary transmission line relative to the first coupling segment, such that an asymmetry in reactive coupling is present between the first and second portions of the primary transmission line and the secondary transmission line. An intermediate segment is provided, which is electrically coupled in series between the first and second coupling segments. A coupling port segment is provided, which is electrically connected in series between the first coupling segment and the coupling port. And, an isolation port segment is provided, which is electrically connected in series between the second coupling segment and the isolation port.
1. A directional coupler, comprising:
a primary transmission line electrically coupled in series between an input port and an output port of the coupler;
an asymmetric, meander-shaped, secondary transmission line, which is electrically coupled in series between a coupling port and an isolation port of the coupler, and comprises:
a first coupling segment, which is reactively coupled to a first portion of the primary transmission line;
a second coupling segment, which is reactively coupled to a second portion of the primary transmission line, and is spaced closer to, or farther from, the primary transmission line relative to the first coupling segment, such that an asymmetry in reactive coupling is present between the first and second portions of the primary transmission line and the asymmetric meander-shaped transmission line;
an intermediate segment electrically coupled in series between the first and second coupling segments;
a coupling port segment electrically connected in series between the first coupling segment and the coupling port; and
an isolation port segment electrically connected in series between the second coupling segment and the isolation port; and
wherein the asymmetric, meander-shaped, secondary transmission line winds sinuously such that each segment therein extends at least partially in a forward direction across the coupler as measured from the coupling port to the isolation port, and no segment therein extends at least partially in a reverse direction across the coupler as measured from the isolation port to the coupling port.
2. The directional coupler of claim 1 , wherein a medial portion of the intermediate segment is spaced farther from the primary transmission line relative to the first and second coupling segments.
3. The directional coupler of claim 2 , wherein the intermediate segment is U-shaped or V-shaped.
4. The directional coupler of claim 1 , wherein the asymmetric, meander-shaped, secondary transmission line includes at least two serpentine-shaped transmission line segments electrically coupled in series between the coupling port and the isolation port.
5. The directional coupler of claim 1 , wherein the asymmetric, meander-shaped, secondary transmission line includes at least three serpentine-shaped transmission line segments electrically coupled in series between the coupling port and the isolation port; and wherein respective medial portions of the first, second and third serpentine line segments are spaced at different distances relative to the primary transmission line.
6. A directional coupler, comprising:
a primary transmission line electrically coupled in series between an input port and an output port of the coupler;
an asymmetric, meander-shaped, secondary transmission line, which is electrically coupled in series between a coupling port and an isolation port of the coupler, and comprises:
a first coupling segment, which is reactively coupled to a first portion of the primary transmission line;
a second coupling segment, which is reactively coupled to a second portion of the primary transmission line, and is spaced closer to, or farther from, the primary transmission line relative to the first coupling segment, such that an asymmetry in reactive coupling is present between the first and second portions of the primary transmission line and the asymmetric meander-shaped transmission line;
an intermediate segment electrically coupled in series between the first and second coupling segments;
a coupling port segment electrically connected in series between the first coupling segment and the coupling port; and
an isolation port segment electrically connected in series between the second coupling segment and the isolation port; and
wherein the first coupling segment, the second coupling segment and the intermediate segment extend within a combination of a first pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments, and a second pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments, which are longer than the first pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments.
7. The directional coupler of claim 6 , wherein one of the second pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments extends, in series, between the first pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments.
8. The directional coupler of claim 7 , wherein the second pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments extend, in series, between the first pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments.
9. The directional coupler of claim 6 , wherein the asymmetric, meander-shaped, secondary transmission line further includes:
a third pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments, which are longer than the second pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments.
10. The directional coupler of claim 9 ,
wherein one of the second pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments extends, in series, between the first pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments; and
wherein one of the third pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments extends, in series, between the first pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments.
11. The directional coupler of claim 10 ,
wherein the second pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments extend, in series, between the first pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments; and
wherein the third pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments extend, in series, between the second pair of equivalent serpentine-shaped transmission line segments.
12. A directional coupler, comprising:
a primary transmission line electrically coupled in series between an input port and an output port of the coupler; and
a secondary transmission line, which is electrically coupled in series between a coupling port and an isolation port of the coupler, and comprises:
at least first, second and third serpentine-shaped transmission line segments electrically connected in series, with each of the first, second and third serpentine-shaped transmission line segments configured to extend at least partially towards the primary transmission line and having respective medial portions spaced at different distances relative to the primary transmission line.
13. The directional coupler of claim 12 , wherein the first, second and third serpentine-shaped transmission line segments have equivalent dimensions when viewed from a plan perspective.
14. The directional coupler of claim 13 , wherein the primary transmission line has a medial segment that is sloped at an angle relative to the first, second and third serpentine-shaped transmission line segments, such that the medial portion of the first serpentine-shaped transmission line segment is spaced closer to the medial segment of the primary transmission line relative to the medial portion of the second serpentine-shaped transmission line segment, which is spaced closer to the medial segment of the primary transmission line relative to the medial portion of the third serpentine-shaped transmission line segment.
15. The directional coupler of claim 14 , wherein the first serpentine-shaped transmission line segment extends in series between the coupling port and the second serpentine-shaped transmission line segment; and wherein the third serpentine-shaped transmission line segment extends in series between the second serpentine-shaped transmission line segment and the isolation port.
16. A directional coupler, comprising:
a primary transmission line electrically coupled in series between an input port and an output port of the coupler; and
a secondary transmission line, which is electrically coupled in series between a coupling port and an isolation port of the coupler, and comprises:
a first pair of equivalent, serpentine-shaped, transmission line segments; and
a second pair of equivalent, serpentine-shaped, transmission line segments, which are longer than the serpentine-shaped transmission line segments within the first pair thereof.
17. The directional coupler of claim 16 , wherein a first one of the first pair of serpentine-shaped transmission line segments extends in series between the coupling port and the second pair of serpentine-shaped transmission line segments; and wherein a second one of the first pair of serpentine-shaped transmission line segments extends in series between the isolation port and the second pair of serpentine-shaped transmission line segments.
18. The directional coupler of claim 16 , wherein a first one of the first pair of serpentine-shaped transmission line segments extends in series between the coupling port and the second pair of serpentine-shaped transmission line segments; and a first one of the second pair of serpentine-shaped transmission line segments extends in series between the isolation port and the first pair of serpentine-shaped transmission line segments.