POWDERIZED SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTROACTIVE MATERIALS
Powderized solid-state electrolytes and electroactive materials as well as related methods of manufacturing and use are disclosed. In one embodiment, an ionically conductive powder comprises a plurality of ionically conductive particles. The ionically conductive particles may comprise an ionically conductive salt dissolved in a thermoplastic polymer, with optional components (e.g., electroactive and/or inorganic solid particles) dispersed within. Related methods of producing these ionically conductive powders are also disclosed including, but are not limited to, low-temperature milling, spray drying, and aerosol polymerization. Embodiments related to using the resultant ionically conductive powders in a spray deposition process are also described.
1 . A method, comprising:
combining a curable polymer and/or monomer, an initiator, and an ionically conductive salt to form a mixture;
dissolving the ionically conductive salt and the initiator in the curable polymer and/or monomer;
spraying the mixture; and
curing the curable polymer and/or monomer to form a plurality of ionically conductive particles.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture further comprises a plurality of inorganic solid and/or electroactive material particles uniformly dispersed in the mixture.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of inorganic solids comprises one or more selected from the group of ionically conductive or non-ionically conductive ceramics or glasses.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture further comprises a solvent.
5 . The method of claim 4 , further comprising evaporating the solvent while curing the curable polymer and/or monomer.
6 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the electroactive material particles comprise at least one selected from the group of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium manganese cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese iron phosphate, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium titanate, lithium manganese oxide, lithium manganese nickel oxide, graphite, silicon, and sulfur.
7 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the electroactive material particles comprise at least one selected from the group of Prussian Blue, Prussian Blue analogs, and Prussian White.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive salt comprises at least one selected from the group of LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiBETI, LiCTFSI, LiBOB, LiDFOB, LiTDI, LiPDI, LiDCTA, LiNO 3 , LiCl, LiI, and LiB(CN) 4 .
9 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the inorganic solid particles comprise ionically conducting metal oxides selected from at least one selected from the group of Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , CuO, CdO, Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , and Li 2 O.
10 . A method comprising:
spraying a plurality of ionically conductive particles according to claim 1 ;
applying a charge to the spray of ionically conductive particles;
heating a substrate; and
applying the charged spray of ionically conductive particles to the heated substrate to form a film of the ionically conductive particles on the substrate.
11 . A method of claim 10 , wherein the substrate is heated using resistive heating, conductive heating, convective heating, and/or radiative heating of the substrate.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the curing comprises exposing the spray to heat and/or electromagnetic radiation while in-flight.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the curable polymer and/or monomer comprises a photocurable polymer and/or monomer.
14 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the curable polymer comprises at least one selected from the group of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl acetate, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene-butadiene, polyethylene oxide, polyacetylene, polyphenylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyphenylene sulfide, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyethylenimine, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(ethylene carbonate), and poly(propylene carbonate).
15 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the curable polymer comprises polyethylene glycol and/or polyethylene oxide.
16 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture further comprises a carbonate-based polymer and/or additive.
17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein ionically conductive salt comprises a fluorinated salt.
18 . A method, comprising:
combining a thermoplastic polymer, an ionically conductive salt, and a solvent to form a mixture;
dissolving the ionically conductive salt and thermoplastic polymer in the solvent; and
spraying the mixture, wherein the solvent evaporates while the mixture is being sprayed to form a plurality of ionically conductive particles.
19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the mixture further comprises a plurality of inorganic solid and/or electroactive material particles uniformly dispersed in the thermoplastic polymer.
20 . The method of claim 18 , wherein a weight percentage of the plurality of inorganic solid particles is greater than or equal to 60 wt % of the mixture.
21 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the plurality of ionically conductive particles are substantially free from the solvent.
22 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the plurality of ionically conductive particles comprises a solvent and/or moisture content of less than or equal to 0.5 wt %.
23 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises at least one selected from the group of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl acetate, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene-butadiene, polyethylene oxide, polyacetylene, polyphenylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyphenylene sulfide, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyethylenimine, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(ethylene carbonate), and poly(propylene carbonate).
24 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the electroactive material particles comprise at least one selected from the group of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, lithium manganese cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese iron phosphate, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium titanate, lithium manganese oxide, lithium manganese nickel oxide, graphite, silicon, sulfur, Prussian Blue, Prussian Blue analogs, and Prussian White.
25 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the ionically conductive salt comprises at least one selected from the group of LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiBETI, LiCTFSI, LiBOB, LiDFOB, LiTDI, LiPDI, LiDCTA, LiNO 3 , LiCl, LiI, and LiB(CN) 4 .
26 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the inorganic solid particles comprise ionically conducting metal oxides selected from at least one selected from the group of Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , CuO, CdO, Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 and Li 2 O.
27 . The method of claim 18 , wherein a weight percentage of the ionically conductive salt is greater than or equal to 50 wt % relative to the total weight of the thermoplastic polymer.
28 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the plurality of inorganic solid particles comprises lithium-ion conducting additives selected from the group of non-lithiated ceramics and/or non-lithiated glass.