Grid energy storage system featuring massively parallel-connected cells
A system architecture for grid electrical energy storage comprising substantial numbers of cells connected in parallel. The lowest level of modularity comprising about eighteen or more individual cells connected in parallel. The disclosed architecture reduces the number of parts, complexity, and variability, while increasing one or more of reliability, service life, and energy capacity of a large-scale grid energy storage system, relative to a conventional multi-parallel string architecture.
1. An improved system architecture for a grid battery energy storage system, comprising:
a first level of modularity in which multiple cells are connected in parallel to form a first group of cells;
a number N of parallel-connected cells in the first group of cells is sufficient to reduce a variability of a performance characteristic of the first group of cells to less than or equal to [1/√{square root over (N)}] % of a variability of the performance characteristic between individual cells in the first group of cells;
the performance characteristic is one characteristic criterion-selected from a group of characteristics, including: capacity, impedance, cycle life, cycle life uniformity, ac resistance, and dc-resistance;
a cross-connection busbar configured to connect the number N of cells in the first group of cells;
a second level of modularity in which two or more first groups of cells are connected in series, using one or more cross-connection busbar, to form a string of first groups of cells;
a cooling system that comprises (i) a cooling plate in thermal contact with individual cells and (ii) a pump and a liquid distribution system to ensure uniform temperature among cooling plates within the cooling system; and
the grid battery energy storage system is adapted to be connected to supply or store electrical energy.
2. The system architecture of claim 1 , further comprising cross-connection busbars that can be scaled to connect any number of the N cells in the parallel-connected first groups of cells.
3. The system architecture of claim 2 , wherein a weight of the cross-connection busbar is less than that of a busbar material which would have otherwise been needed to carry an equivalent sum of current from all interconnected cells in one of the parallel-connected first groups of cells.
4. The system architecture of claim 1 , further comprising a contactor adapted to interrupt current flow through the string in excess of 100,000 A.
5. The system architecture of claim 1 , further comprising a fluid-based cooling system comprising a reservoir adapted to provide thermal storage capacity sufficient to time-shift the cooling of the coolant reservoir to a time of day when ambient temperatures are lower and the thermal gradient higher than ambient temperature and thermal gradient available at the time the grid battery energy storage system is cooled by the cooling system.
6. The system architecture of claim 5 , further comprising a fire suppression system integrated with one or more components of the cooling system.
7. The system architecture of claim 1 , further comprising one or more circuits adapted to transmit cell information through one or more wireless electromagnetic transmissions from one or more circuits that monitor and manage each of the parallel-connected first groups of cells to a centralized battery management system.
8. The system architecture of claim 1 , further comprising one or more circuits adapted to transmit commands through one or more wireless electromagnetic transmissions from a centralized battery management system to circuits that monitor and manage each of the parallel-connected first groups of cells.
9. An improved system architecture for a grid battery energy storage system, comprising:
a first level of modularity in which 18 or more cells are connected in parallel to form a first group of cells, to reduce a variability of a performance characteristic of the first group of cells to less than or equal to [1/√{square root over (N)}] % of a variability of the performance characteristic between individual cells in the first group of cells;
the performance characteristic is one characteristic selected from a group of characteristics, including: capacity, impedance, cycle life, cycle life uniformity, ac resistance, and do resistance;
a cross-connection busbar configured to connect two or more parallel-connected first groups of cells;
a second level of modularity in which a string of two or more first groups of cells connected in series to form a second group of cells;
a cooling system that comprises (i) a cooling plate in thermal contact with individual cells and (ii) a pump and a liquid distribution system to ensure uniform temperature among cooling plates within the cooling system; and
the grid battery energy storage system is adapted to be connected to supply or store electrical energy.
10. The system architecture of claim 9 , wherein 30 or more cells are connected in parallel to form the first group of cells.
11. The system architecture of claim 9 , further comprising cross-connection busbars that can be scaled to connect any number of N cells in the parallel connected first groups of cells.
12. The system architecture of claim 11 , wherein a weight of the cross-connection busbar is lower than that of a busbar which would have been needed to carry an equivalent sum of current from all interconnected cells in a parallel-connected first group of cells.
13. The system architecture of claim 9 , further comprising a contactor adapted to interrupt current flow through the string in excess of 100,000 A.
14. The system architecture of claim 9 , further comprising a fluid-based cooling system comprising a coolant reservoir adapted to provide thermal storage capacity sufficient to time-shift a process of cooling of the coolant reservoir to a time of day when it is more efficient to do so.
15. The system architecture of claim 14 , further comprising a fire suppression system integrated with one or more components of the cooling system.
16. The system architecture of claim 9 , further comprising one or more circuits adapted to transmit cell information through one or more wireless electromagnetic transmissions from circuits that monitor and manage each of the parallel-connected first groups of cells to a centralized battery management system.
17. The system architecture of claim 9 , further comprising one or more circuits adapted to transmit commands through one or more wireless electromagnetic transmissions from a centralized battery management system to circuits that monitor and manage each of the parallel-connected first groups of cells.