PREPARATION OF POLYMERIC RESINS AND CARBON MATERIALS

1 - 54 . (canceled)

55 . A method of fabricating an electrode material comprising a plurality of composite particles, the method comprising:

a. forming porous carbon particles by:

i. pyrolyzing a polymer to form a carbon particle;

ii. activating the carbon particle to form an activated carbon particle; and

iii. performing a particle size reduction of the activated carbon particle to form the porous carbon particle;

b. introducing an electrochemical modifier into the pores of the porous carbon particles; and

c. disposing the electrochemical modifier onto a surface of the pores of the porous carbon particles to form the composite particles; and

wherein the porous carbon particles comprises less than 500 ppm of all atoms having a molecular weight between 11 and 92, as measured by photon induced x-ray emissions.

56 . The method of claim 55 , wherein the porous carbon particles comprise a maximum theoretical capacitance greater than 21 F/cm3 as measured at a current density of 0.5 Amp/g employing an electrolyte comprising tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile.

57 . The method of claim 56 wherein the porous carbon particles comprises a maximum theoretical capacitance greater than 23 F/cm3.

58 . The method of claim 55 , wherein the porous carbon particles have a GM greater than or equal to 21 and wherein GM is measured as a ratio of a BET specific surface area of the porous carbon particles and the pore volume of the porous carbon particles multiplied by 100.

59 . The method of claim 58 , wherein the porous carbon particles have a GM greater than 23.

60 . The method of claim 55 , wherein the electrochemical modifier is introduced into the pores of the porous carbon particles through the vapor phase by contacting the carbon particle with a gas comprising a precursor for a time sufficient to achieve conversion of the precursor to the electrochemical modifier.

61 . The method of claim 60 , wherein the precursor comprises silicon.

62 . The method of claim 61 , wherein the electrochemical modifier is silicon.

63 . The method of claim 55 , wherein the electrochemical modifier comprises between 0.5% and 99.5% by weight of the composite particles.

64 . The method of claim 63 , wherein the electrochemical modifier comprises 25% to 95% weight percent of the composite particles.

65 . The method of claim 55 , wherein the composite particles have a Dv50 of less than 1 mm and a span of 3 or less, wherein span is defined as (Dv,90−Dv,10)/Dv,50 where Dv,10, Dv,50, and Dv,90 refer to the pore size at 10%, 50%, and 90% of the distribution by volume.

66 . The method of claim 55 , further comprising decomposing from a gas phase carbon, a carbon deposit disposed on the surface of the composite particles.

67 . The method of claim 66 , wherein the gas phase carbon is a hydrocarbon.

68 . The method of claim 66 , wherein the carbon deposit is between 1 nm and 50 nm thick.

69 . The method of claim 66 , wherein the carbon deposit is less than 5 nm thick.

70 . The method of claim 55 , wherein the porous carbon particles are substantially spherical.

71 . A method of fabricating a battery anode material comprising a plurality of composite particles, each particle in the plurality of composite particles comprising a porous carbon particle and an electrochemical modifier incorporated into the pores of the porous carbon particle by the method comprising:

a. Forming a porous carbon particle by:

i. pyrolyzing a polymer to form a carbon particle;

ii. activating the carbon particle to form an activated carbon particle; and

iii. performing a particle size reduction of the activated carbon particle to form the porous carbon particle;

b. introducing an electrochemical modifier into the pores of the porous carbon particle;

c. disposing the electrochemical modifier into the pores of the porous carbon particle to form a composite particle; and

d. decomposing from a gas phase carbon, a carbon deposit disposed onto the surface of the composite particles; and

wherein the porous carbon particles comprises less than 500 ppm of all atoms having a molecular weight between 11 and 92, as measured by photon induced x-ray emissions.

72 . The method of claim 71 , wherein a plurality of the porous carbon particles comprise a maximum theoretical capacitance greater than 21 F/cm3 as measured at a current density of 0.5 Amp/g employing an electrolyte comprising tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile.

73 . The method of claim 56 wherein the plurality of porous carbon particles comprises a maximum theoretical capacitance greater than 23 F/cm3.

74 . The method of claim 71 , wherein a plurality of the porous carbon particles have a GM greater than or equal to 21 and wherein GM is measured as a ratio of a BET specific surface area of the porous carbon particles and the pore volume of the porous carbon particles multiplied by 100.