Systems and methods for estimation of blood flow characteristics using reduced order model and/or machine learning
Systems and methods are disclosed for determining blood flow characteristics of a patient. One method includes: receiving, in an electronic storage medium, patient-specific image data of at least a portion of vasculature of the patient having geometric features at one or more points; generating a patient-specific reduced order model from the received image data, the patient-specific reduced order model comprising estimates of impedance values and a simplification of the geometric features at the one or more points of the vasculature of the patient; creating a feature vector comprising the estimates of impedance values and geometric features for each of the one or more points of the patient-specific reduced order model; and determining blood flow characteristics at the one or more points of the patient-specific reduced order model using a machine learning algorithm trained to predict blood flow characteristics based on the created feature vectors at the one or more points.
1. A computer-implemented method of determining blood flow characteristics of a patient, the method comprising:
obtaining a reduced-order model that is representative of at least a portion of a patient-specific anatomic model of at least a portion of a patient's vasculature, the reduced-order model including one or more points having an impedance value based on first estimated values of blood flow characteristics at one or more locations of the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model;
updating the reduced-order model by employing a machine-learning algorithm that has been trained, based on errors determined between at least one impedance value of at least one training reduced-order model and at least one corresponding impedance value determined by computational fluid dynamics, to reduce error in one or more impedance values of an input reduced-order model; and
using the updated reduced-order model to determine second estimated values for the blood flow characteristic at the one or more locations of the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model.
2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the first estimated values are based on application of boundary conditions to the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model.
3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2 , wherein the boundary conditions are associated with hemodynamics at an inflow of blood flow, outflow of blood flow, and a vessel wall of the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model.
4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:
splitting the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model into a plurality of regions of the patient's vasculature,
wherein the reduced-order model includes a respective reduced-order model for each of the plurality of regions of the patient's vasculature.
5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4 , wherein the splitting is based on the first estimated values of the blood flow characteristics.
6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5 , wherein the splitting is configured to distinguish between one or more healthy regions of the patient's vasculature and one or more unhealthy regions of the patient's vasculature.
7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6 , wherein the one or more unhealthy regions of the patient's vasculature include one or more of an ostial bifurcation, a non-ostial bifurcation, a stenosed region, or an expansion region.
8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the machine-learning algorithm includes one or more of: a support vector machine (SVM), a multi-layer perceptron (MLP), a multivariate regression (MVR), a neural network, a tree-based classifier, or a weighted linear or logistic regression.
9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the blood flow characteristics include one or more of: a blood pressure, a fractional flow reserve (FFR), a blood flow rate or a flow velocity, a velocity or pressure field, a hemodynamic force, and an organ and/or tissue perfusion characteristic.
10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the reduced-order model includes estimates of third values that simplify geometric features at the one or more points of the vasculature of the patient.
11. A system for determining blood flow characteristics of a patient, the system comprising:
at least one memory storing instructions and a machine-learning algorithm trained, based on errors determined between at least one impedance value of at least one training reduced-order model and at least one corresponding impedance value determined by computational fluid dynamics, to reduce error in one or more impedance values of an input reduced-order model; and
at least one processor operatively connected to the memory and configured to execute the instructions to perform operations, including:
obtaining a reduced-order model that is representative of at least a portion of a patient-specific anatomic model of at least a portion of a patient's vasculature, the reduced-order model including one or more points having an impedance value based on first estimated values of blood flow characteristics at one or more locations of the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model;
updating the reduced-order model by employing the machine-learning algorithm; and
using the updated reduced-order model to determine second estimated values for the blood flow characteristic at the one or more locations of the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein:
the first estimated values are based on application of boundary conditions to the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model; and
the boundary conditions are associated with hemodynamics at an inflow of blood flow, outflow of blood flow, and a vessel wall of the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein:
the operations further include splitting the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model into a plurality of regions of the patient's vasculature;
the splitting is based on the first estimated values of the blood flow characteristics;
the splitting is configured to distinguish between one or more healthy regions of the patient's vasculature and one or more unhealthy regions of the patient's vasculature; and
the reduced-order model includes a respective reduced-order model for each of the plurality of regions of the patient's vasculature.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the one or more unhealthy regions of the patient's vasculature include one or more of an ostial bifurcation, a non-ostial bifurcation, a stenosed region, or an expansion region.
15. The system of claim 11 , wherein the machine-learning algorithm includes one or more of: a support vector machine (SVM), a multi-layer perceptron (MLP), a multivariate regression (MVR), a neural network, a tree-based classifier, or a weighted linear or logistic regression.
16. The system of claim 11 , wherein the blood flow characteristics include one or more of: a blood pressure, a fractional flow reserve (FFR), a blood flow rate or a flow velocity, a velocity or pressure field, a hemodynamic force, and an organ and/or tissue perfusion characteristic.
17. The system of claim 11 , wherein the reduced-order model includes estimates of third values that simplify geometric features at the one or more points of the vasculature of the patient.
18. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions for determining blood flow characteristics of a patient that are executable by at least one processor to perform operations, the operations including:
obtaining a reduced-order model that is representative of at least a portion of a patient-specific anatomic model of at least a portion of a patient's vasculature, the reduced-order model including one or more points having an impedance value based on first estimated values of blood flow characteristics at one or more locations of the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model;
updating the reduced-order model by employing a machine-learning algorithm that has been trained, based on errors determined between at least one impedance value of at least one training reduced-order model and at least one corresponding impedance value determined by computational fluid dynamics, to reduce error in one or more impedance values of an input reduced-order model; and
using the updated reduced-order model to determine second estimated values for the blood flow characteristic at the one or more locations of the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model.
19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18 , wherein:
the first estimated values are based on application of boundary conditions to the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model; and
the boundary conditions are associated with hemodynamics at an inflow of blood flow, outflow of blood flow, and a vessel wall of the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model.
20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18 , wherein:
the operations further include splitting the portion of the patient-specific anatomic model into a plurality of regions of the patient's vasculature;
the splitting is based on the first estimated values of the blood flow characteristics;
the splitting is configured to distinguish between one or more healthy regions of the patient's vasculature and one or more unhealthy regions of the patient's vasculature; and
the reduced-order model includes a respective reduced-order model for each of the plurality of regions of the patient's vasculature.