Systems and a method of improved material classification using energy-integrated backscatter detectors
The present specification describes a system of acquiring spectral information from backscatter scan data acquired using a detector panel having an array of ‘m’ spatially distributed, independent detector assemblies or modules an array of ‘n’ filters positioned over the array of detector assemblies or modules. In some embodiments, m=n. From the acquired set of detector response measurements, an energy spectrum is mathematically reconstructed or calculated by formulating and solving the energy reconstruction problem as an inverse problem.
1 . An X-ray inspection system configured to scan an object, comprising:
an X-ray source configured to emit a beam of X-rays toward the object, wherein the object comprises one or more materials;
a detector panel positioned to generate scan data corresponding to X-rays scattered back from the object, wherein the detector panel comprises:
an array of ‘m’ spatially distributed and independent detector assemblies, wherein each of the ‘m’ spatially distributed and independent detector assemblies is configured to detect a range of energies; and
an array of ‘n’ filters, wherein each of the ‘n’ filters has a thickness and is positioned over one of the ‘m’ spatially distributed and independent detector assemblies, wherein ‘n’ is based on a required number of energy bins in the range of detected energies, and wherein each of the n filters has a different thickness and each different thickness has a minimum value, wherein the minimum value is a smallest thickness required to distinguish spectral features between similar, but not identical, organic material types; and
a computing device including a processor and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the memory stores a plurality of programmatic code which, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to:
acquire the scan data;
reconstruct an energy spectrum from the acquired scan data, wherein the reconstructed energy spectrum includes the required number of energy bins;
extract one or more features of the reconstructed energy spectrum using the energy bins;
identify one or more unique characteristics related to the one or more materials based on the one or more features; and
classify the material as being illicit or benign based on the one or more characteristics.
2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the detector panel is configured to operate in an energy-integration mode.
3 . The system of claim 1 , wherein m=n.
4 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the required number of energy bins is based on a required level of separation between different energy levels from the predefined range of energies for classification of material of the object.
5 . The system of claim 1 , wherein prior to generating the scan data, each of the ‘n’ filters is adapted to be removed from being positioned in front of the corresponding ‘m’ spatially distributed and independent detector assembly in order for the detector panel to generate scan data that is unattenuated.
6 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of programmatic code, when executed by the processor, further causes the processor to reconstruct the energy spectrum by configuring an energy spectrum reconstruction problem as an inverse problem.
7 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more features comprise at least one of: a peak intensity value and location in the reconstructed energy spectrum, a first intensity signal on a first side of the peak intensity value in the reconstructed energy spectrum, a second intensity signal on a second side of the peak intensity value, a first gradient of the reconstructed energy spectrum on the first side of the peak intensity value, or a second gradient of the reconstructed energy spectrum on the second side of the peak intensity value.
8 . The system of claim 7 , wherein the one or more unique characteristics comprise at least one of: a relationship between the first intensity signal and effective atomic number, a relationship between the second intensity signal and density, a ratio between the first intensity signal and the second intensity signal, or a comparative difference between the first gradient and the second gradient.
9 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of programmatic code, when executed by the processor, further causes the processor to correct relative locations of the spatially distributed, independent detector assemblies while reconstructing the energy spectrum.
10 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the array of ‘m’ detector assemblies comprises different types of detector materials to enhance detection of the backscattered X-rays based on an overlap of the scan data and presence of absorption edges within the detector materials.
11 . A method of classifying a material as being illicit or benign, the method comprising:
operating an X-ray backscatter inspection system in energy-integration mode, wherein the X-ray backscatter inspection system comprises:
an X-ray source configured to direct a beam of X-rays onto a material; and
a detector panel positioned to generate scan data corresponding to X-rays scattered back from the material, wherein the detector panel has an array of ‘m’ spatially distributed and independent detector assemblies, wherein an array of ‘n’ filters of unique thicknesses is positioned over the ‘m’ detector assemblies, and wherein ‘n’ is based on a required number of energy bins from a range of energies in the scan data;
acquiring the scan data;
reconstructing an energy spectrum from the acquired attenuated scan data, wherein the reconstructed energy spectrum includes the required number of energy bins;
extracting one or more features of the reconstructed energy spectrum using the energy bins;
based on the one or more features, identifying one or more unique characteristics related to the material; and
based on the one or more characteristics, classifying the material as being illicit or benign.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein m=n.
13 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the required number of energy bins is based on a required level of separation between different energy levels from the range of energies, for classification of material of the object.
14 . The method of claim 11 , wherein prior to generating the scan data, the array of ‘n’ filters are removed in order for the detector panel to generate unattenuated scan data.
15 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the energy spectrum is reconstructed by formulating and solving the energy spectrum reconstruction problem as an inverse problem.
16 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the one or more features comprise at least one of: a peak intensity value and location in the reconstructed energy spectrum, a first intensity signal on a first side of the peak intensity value in the reconstructed energy spectrum, a second intensity signal on a second side of the peak intensity value, a first gradient of the reconstructed energy spectrum on the first side of the peak intensity value, or a second gradient of the reconstructed energy spectrum on the second side of the peak intensity value.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the one or more unique characteristics comprise at least one of: a relationship between the first intensity signal and effective atomic number, a relationship between the second intensity signal and density, a ratio between the first intensity signal and the second intensity signal, or a comparative difference between the first gradient and the second gradient.
18 . The method of claim 11 , wherein an impact of the relative location of the spatially distributed, independent detector assemblies is corrected for while reconstructing the energy spectrum.
19 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the array of ‘m’ detector assemblies comprises different types of detector materials to enhance detection of the backscattered X-rays based on an overlap of the attenuated scan data and presence of absorption edges within the detector materials.
20 . An X-ray backscatter inspection system, comprising:
an X-ray source configured to direct a beam of X-rays onto a material, wherein the beam has a flying spot configuration;
a detector panel positioned to generate scan data corresponding to X-rays scattered back from the material, wherein the detector panel has an array of a plurality of spatially distributed and independent detector assemblies and comprises a plurality of filters, wherein at least one of the plurality of filters is positioned over each of the plurality of detector assemblies, and wherein each of the plurality of filters has a unique thickness that is based on a required number of energy bins in a range of energies of the generated scan data; and
a computing device including a processor and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the memory stores a plurality of programmatic code which, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to:
acquire the scan data;
reconstruct an energy spectrum from the acquired scan data, wherein the reconstructed energy spectrum includes the required number of energy bins;
extract one or more features of the reconstructed energy spectrum using the energy bins;
based on the one or more features, identify one or more unique characteristics related to the material; and
based on the one or more characteristics, classify the material as being illicit or not illicit.