Method and apparatus for cardiac signal removal in data-driven respiratory gating in positron emission tomography systems
A method for signal separation includes obtaining list mode data representing radiation detected during an imaging scan, the list mode data being affected by quasi-periodic motion of an imaging object; dividing the list mode data into first non-overlapping frames of a first frame length, and process the first frames to determine a cardiac cycle length; determining a second frame length, longer than the first frame length, based on the determined cardiac cycle length; re-binning the list mode data into overlapping frames having the second frame length, based on the non-overlapping frames having the first frame length; applying a principal component analysis (PCA) process on the re-binned list mode data having the second frame length to determine a respiratory waveform; determining a cardiac waveform using the determined respiratory waveform; and reconstructing an image based on the list mode data using the determined respiratory waveform and the determined cardiac waveform.
1 . A positron emission tomography (PET) imaging apparatus, comprising:
processing circuitry configured to
obtain list mode data representing radiation detected during an imaging scan, the list mode data being affected by quasi-periodic motion of an imaging object,
divide the list mode data into first non-overlapping frames of a first frame length, and process the first frames to determine a cardiac cycle length,
determine a second frame length, longer than the first frame length, based on the determined cardiac cycle length,
re-bin the list mode data into overlapping frames having the second frame length, based on the non-overlapping frames having the first frame length,
apply a principal component analysis (PCA) process on the re-binned list mode data having the second frame length to determine a respiratory waveform,
determine a cardiac waveform using the determined respiratory waveform, and
reconstruct an image based on the list mode data using the determined respiratory waveform and the determined cardiac waveform.
2 . The imaging apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine the second frame length by
applying the PCA process to the first non-overlapping frames to determine a first waveform, and determine peaks of the determined first waveform, and
determining the cardiac cycle length based on a frequency of the determined peaks of the first waveform.
3 . The imaging apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the processing circuitry is configured to determine the frequency of the determined peaks of the first waveform, the determined frequency being a cardiac beating rate.
4 . The imaging apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second frame length determined by the processing circuitry is a value less than a frequency of peaks of the respiratory waveform.
5 . The imaging apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the second frame length determined by the processing circuitry is 1 second.
6 . The imaging apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the processing circuitry is configured to set the first frame length to a value less than 0.4 seconds.
7 . The imaging apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to reconstruct the image based on the list mode data processed using the determined respiratory waveform and the determined cardiac waveform by applying a respiratory gate based on the determined respiratory waveform and removing the cardiac waveform.
8 . The imaging apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the imaging apparatus includes an electrocardiogram (ECG) device, and the processing circuitry is further configured to determine the second frame length by measuring the cardiac cycle length of the imaging object via the ECG device.
9 . The imaging apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the overlapping frames having the second frame length overlap by the first frame length.
10 . The imaging apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to re-bin the list mode data by re-binning to a sinogram.
11 . A method for signal separation, comprising:
obtaining list mode data representing radiation detected during an imaging scan, the list mode data being affected by quasi-periodic motion of an imaging object;
dividing the list mode data into first non-overlapping frames of a first frame length, and process the first frames to determine a cardiac cycle length;
determining a second frame length, longer than the first frame length, based on the determined cardiac cycle length;
re-binning the list mode data into overlapping frames having the second frame length, based on the non-overlapping frames having the first frame length;
applying a principal component analysis (PCA) process on the re-binned list mode data having the second frame length to determine a respiratory waveform;
determining a cardiac waveform using the determined respiratory waveform; and
reconstructing an image based on the list mode data using the determined respiratory waveform and the determined cardiac waveform.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the determining the second frame length further comprises
applying the PCA process to the first non-overlapping frames to determine a first waveform, and determine peaks of the determined first waveform; and
determining the cardiac cycle length based on a frequency of the determined peaks of the first waveform.
13 . The method of claim 12 , further comprising determining the frequency of the determined peaks of the first waveform, the determined frequency being a cardiac beating rate.
14 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the second frame length is a value less than a frequency of peaks of the respiratory waveform.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the second frame length is 1 second.
16 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the first frame length is a value less than 0.4 seconds.
17 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the reconstructing the image based on the list mode data processed using the determined respiratory waveform and the determined cardiac waveform further comprises applying a respiratory gate based on the determined respiratory waveform and removing the cardiac waveform.
18 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the determining the second frame length further comprises measuring the cardiac cycle length of the imaging object via a connected ECG device.
19 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the overlapping frames having the second frame length overlap by the first frame length.
20 . A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including executable instructions, which when executed by circuitry, cause the circuitry to perform a method of signal separation, comprising:
obtaining list mode data representing radiation detected during an imaging scan, the list mode data being affected by quasi-periodic motion of an imaging object;
dividing the list mode data into first non-overlapping frames of a first frame length, and process the first frames to determine a cardiac cycle length;
determining a second frame length, longer than the first frame length, based on the determined cardiac cycle length;
re-binning the list mode data into overlapping frames having the second frame length, based on the non-overlapping frames having the first frame length;
applying a principal component analysis (PCA) process on the re-binned list mode data having the second frame length to determine a respiratory waveform;
determining a cardiac waveform using the determined respiratory waveform; and
reconstructing an image based on the list mode data using the determined respiratory waveform and the determined cardiac waveform.