IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,447,857
Granted Patent B2
US 12,447,857 · App. 18/359,514 · Granted Oct 21, 2025

Systems, devices, and methods for intraphase and interphase balancing in module-based cascaded energy systems

Inventors: Roozbeh Naderi (Foothill Ranch, CA); Mikhail Slepchenkov (Lake Forest, CA)
Assignee: TAE Technologies, Inc.
B60L58/12B60L58/24H02J1/14H02J7/00309
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Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,447,857
App. No.
18/359,514
Granted
Oct 21, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

Example embodiments of systems, devices, and methods are provided for intraphase and interphase balancing of modular energy systems. The embodiments can be used in a broad variety of mobile and stationary applications in a broad variety of modular cascaded topologies. The embodiments can include the generation of a module status value that is representative of status information collected or determined for the module. The module status value can be an intermediate quantitative representation of the status of each module as it pertains to one or more operating characteristics sought to be balanced by the system. This intermediate quantitative representation can then be used in the generation of a modulation index for the module, which can then be used as part of a larger control technique, such as pulse width modulation, for control and balancing of the system.

Claims (158)

1. A modular energy system, comprising:

a plurality of arrays of energy modules;

an interphase balance controller, coupled to the plurality of arrays, the interphase balance controller configured to:

adjust a plurality of reference signals to generate a plurality of common mode reference signals, and

determine a plurality of peak voltages based on the plurality of common mode reference signals;

one or more intraphase balance controllers coupled to the plurality of arrays, the one or more intraphase balance controllers configured to:

generate a plurality of modulation indices based on the plurality of peak voltages and a plurality of module status values,

generate a plurality of modulated reference signals based on the plurality of modulation indices, and

control the plurality of arrays using the plurality of modulated reference signals; and

at least one control device comprising at least one of the interphase balance controller or at least one intraphase balance controller of the one or more intraphase balance controllers.

2. The modular energy system of claim 1 , wherein the interphase balance controller comprises:

a space vector common mode calculation circuit configured to generate a first compensatory voltage signal;

a balancing common mode calculation circuit configured to generate a second compensatory voltage signal; and

a combination circuit configured to inject the first compensatory voltage signal to a plurality of voltage reference signals and to inject the second compensatory voltage signal to the plurality of voltage reference signals.

3. The modular energy system of claim 1 , wherein, for each array of the plurality of arrays,

the array comprises a monitoring circuit configured to monitor one or more operating parameters of the array, and

the intraphase balance controller coupled to the array comprises a module status calculation circuit configured to determine a module status value among the plurality of module status values by weighting the one or more operating parameters.

4. The modular energy system of claim 1 , wherein the interphase balance controller is configured to perform interphase balancing by one of:

neutral point shifting,

interphase energy injection, or

both neutral point shifting and interphase energy injection.

5. The modular energy system of claim 4 , wherein the interphase balance controller is configured to perform interphase energy injection based on the plurality of module status values.

6. A method of controlling a modular energy system including a plurality of arrays of energy modules, the method comprising:

adjusting a plurality of reference signals to generate a plurality of common mode reference signals;

determining a plurality of peak voltages based on the plurality of common mode reference signals;

generating a plurality of modulation indices based on the plurality of peak voltages and a plurality of module status values, wherein a respective module status value for each respective array of the plurality of arrays is determined based on monitoring one or more operating parameters of the respective array and weighting the one or more operating parameters of the respective array;

generating a plurality of modulated reference signals based on the plurality of modulation indices; and

controlling the plurality of arrays using the plurality of modulated reference signals.

7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:

generating a space vector common mode compensatory voltage signal;

generating a balancing compensatory voltage signal;

injecting the space vector common mode compensatory voltage signal to a plurality of voltage reference signals; and

injecting the balancing compensatory voltage signal to the plurality of voltage reference signals.

8. The method of claim 6 , further comprising performing interphase balancing by:

performing neutral point shifting,

performing interphase energy injection, or

performing both neutral point shifting and interphase energy injection.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein performing the interphase balancing comprises performing the interphase energy injection based on the plurality of module status values.

10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a plurality of instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry of a modular energy system, cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising:

adjusting a plurality of reference signals to generate a plurality of common mode reference signals;

determining a plurality of peak voltages based on the plurality of common mode reference signals;

generating a plurality of modulation indices based on the plurality of peak voltages and a plurality of module status values, wherein a respective module status value for each respective array of the plurality of arrays is determined based on monitoring one or more operating parameters of the respective array and weighting the one or more operating parameters of the respective array;

generating a plurality of modulated reference signals based on the plurality of modulation indices; and

controlling a plurality of arrays of the modular energy system using the plurality of modulated reference signals.

11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10 , the operations further comprising:

generating a space vector common mode compensatory voltage signal;

generating a balancing compensatory voltage signal;

injecting the space vector common mode compensatory voltage signal to a plurality of voltage reference signals; and

injecting the balancing compensatory voltage signal to the plurality of voltage reference signals.

12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10 , the operations further comprising performing interphase balancing by:

neutral point shifting,

interphase energy injection, or

both the neutral point shifting and the interphase energy injection.

13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 12 , wherein performing the interphase balancing comprises performing the interphase energy injection based on the plurality of module status values.

14. A modular energy system, comprising:

a plurality of arrays of energy modules;

an interphase balance controller coupled to the plurality of arrays, wherein the interphase balance controller comprises:

a space vector common mode calculation circuit configured to generate a first compensatory voltage signal;

a balancing common mode calculation circuit configured to generate a second compensatory voltage signal; and

a combination circuit configured to inject the first compensatory voltage signal to a plurality of voltage reference signals and to inject the second compensatory voltage signal to the plurality of voltage reference signals;

wherein the interphase balance controller is configured to:

adjust a plurality of reference signals to generate a plurality of common mode reference signals, and

determine a plurality of peak voltages based on the plurality of common mode reference signals; and

one or more intraphase balance controllers coupled to the plurality of arrays, the one or more intraphase balance controllers configured to:

generate a plurality of modulation indices based on the plurality of peak voltages and a plurality of module status values,

generate a plurality of modulated reference signals based on the plurality of modulation indices, and

control the plurality of arrays using the plurality of modulated reference signals.

15. The modular energy system of claim 14 , wherein, for each array of the plurality of arrays,

the array comprises a monitoring circuit configured to monitor one or more operating parameters of the array, and

the intraphase balance controller coupled to the array comprises a module status calculation circuit configured to determine a module status value among the plurality of module status values by weighting the one or more operating parameters.

16. The modular energy system of claim 14 , wherein the interphase balance controller is configured to perform interphase balancing by one of:

neutral point shifting,

interphase energy injection, or

both neutral point shifting and interphase energy injection.

17. The modular energy system of claim 16 , wherein the interphase balance controller is configured to perform interphase energy injection based on the plurality of module status values.

18. A modular energy system, comprising:

a plurality of arrays of energy modules;

an interphase balance controller, coupled to the plurality of arrays, the interphase balance controller configured to:

adjust a plurality of reference signals to generate a plurality of common mode reference signals, and

determine a plurality of peak voltages based on the plurality of common mode reference signals; and

one or more intraphase balance controllers coupled to the plurality of arrays, the one or more intraphase balance controllers configured to:

generate a plurality of modulation indices based on the plurality of peak voltages and a plurality of module status values,

generate a plurality of modulated reference signals based on the plurality of modulation indices, and

control the plurality of arrays using the plurality of modulated reference signals, wherein, for each array of the plurality of arrays,

the array comprises a monitoring circuit configured to monitor one or more operating parameters of the array, and

the intraphase balance controller coupled to the array comprises a module status calculation circuit configured to determine a module status value among the plurality of module status values by weighting the one or more operating parameters.

19. The modular energy system of claim 18 , wherein the interphase balance controller is configured to perform interphase balancing by one of:

neutral point shifting,

interphase energy injection, or

both neutral point shifting and interphase energy injection.

20. The modular energy system of claim 19 , wherein the interphase balance controller is configured to perform interphase energy injection based on the plurality of module status values.

21. A modular energy system, comprising:

a plurality of arrays of energy modules;

an interphase balance controller, coupled to the plurality of arrays, the interphase balance controller configured to:

adjust a plurality of reference signals to generate a plurality of common mode reference signals,

determine a plurality of peak voltages based on the plurality of common mode reference signals; and

perform interphase balancing by one of: neutral point shifting, interphase energy injection, or both neutral point shifting and interphase energy injection; and

one or more intraphase balance controllers coupled to the plurality of arrays, the one or more intraphase balance controllers configured to:

generate a plurality of modulation indices based on the plurality of peak voltages and a plurality of module status values,

generate a plurality of modulated reference signals based on the plurality of modulation indices, and

control the plurality of arrays using the plurality of modulated reference signals.

22. The modular energy system of claim 21 , wherein the interphase balance controller is configured to perform interphase energy injection based on the plurality of module status values.

23. A method of controlling a modular energy system including a plurality of arrays of energy modules, the method comprising:

adjusting a plurality of reference signals to generate a plurality of common mode reference signals;

determining a plurality of peak voltages based on the plurality of common mode reference signals;

generating a plurality of modulation indices based on the plurality of peak voltages and a plurality of module status values;

generating a plurality of modulated reference signals based on the plurality of modulation indices;

controlling the plurality of arrays using the plurality of modulated reference signals; and

performing interphase balancing by:

performing neutral point shifting,

performing interphase energy injection, or

performing both neutral point shifting and interphase energy injection.

24. The method of claim 23 , further comprising:

generating a space vector common mode compensatory voltage signal;

generating a balancing compensatory voltage signal;

injecting the space vector common mode compensatory voltage signal to a plurality of voltage reference signals; and

injecting the balancing compensatory voltage signal to the plurality of voltage reference signals.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein performing the interphase balancing comprises performing the interphase energy injection based on the plurality of module status values.

26. A method of controlling a modular energy system including a plurality of arrays of energy modules, the method comprising:

adjusting a plurality of reference signals to generate a plurality of common mode reference signals;

determining a plurality of peak voltages based on the plurality of common mode reference signals;

generating a plurality of modulation indices based on the plurality of peak voltages and a plurality of module status values;

generating a plurality of modulated reference signals based on the plurality of modulation indices;

controlling the plurality of arrays using the plurality of modulated reference signals

generating a space vector common mode compensatory voltage signal;

generating a balancing compensatory voltage signal;

injecting the space vector common mode compensatory voltage signal to a plurality of voltage reference signals; and

injecting the balancing compensatory voltage signal to the plurality of voltage reference signals.

27. The method of claim 26 , further comprising performing interphase balancing by:

performing neutral point shifting,

performing interphase energy injection, or

performing both neutral point shifting and interphase energy injection, wherein performing the interphase balancing comprises performing the interphase energy injection based on the plurality of module status values.

28. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a plurality of instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry of a modular energy system, cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising:

adjusting a plurality of reference signals to generate a plurality of common mode reference signals;

determining a plurality of peak voltages based on the plurality of common mode reference signals;

generating a plurality of modulation indices based on the plurality of peak voltages and a plurality of module status values;

generating a plurality of modulated reference signals based on the plurality of modulation indices;

controlling a plurality of arrays of the modular energy system using the plurality of modulated reference signals;

generating a space vector common mode compensatory voltage signal;

generating a balancing compensatory voltage signal;

injecting the space vector common mode compensatory voltage signal to a plurality of voltage reference signals; and

injecting the balancing compensatory voltage signal to the plurality of voltage reference signals.

29. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 28 , the operations further comprising performing interphase balancing by:

neutral point shifting,

interphase energy injection, or

both the neutral point shifting and the interphase energy injection.

30. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 29 , wherein performing the interphase balancing comprises performing the interphase energy injection based on the plurality of module status values.

31. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a plurality of instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry of a modular energy system, cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising:

adjusting a plurality of reference signals to generate a plurality of common mode reference signals;

determining a plurality of peak voltages based on the plurality of common mode reference signals;

generating a plurality of modulation indices based on the plurality of peak voltages and a plurality of module status values;

generating a plurality of modulated reference signals based on the plurality of modulation indices;

controlling a plurality of arrays of the modular energy system using the plurality of modulated reference signals; and

performing interphase balancing by:

neutral point shifting,

interphase energy injection, or

both the neutral point shifting and the interphase energy injection.

32. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 31 , wherein performing the interphase balancing comprises performing the interphase energy injection based on the plurality of module status values.

Assignments (6)
RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Feb 9, 2026
From: FISH & RICHARDSON P.C.
To: TAE TECHNOLOGIES
Reel/Frame 074944/0866 →
RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Feb 5, 2026
From: FISH & RICHARDSON P.C.
To: TAE TECHNOLOGIES
Reel/Frame 074718/0509 →
LIEN Recorded Mar 31, 2025
From: FISH & RICHARDSON P.C.
To: TAE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Reel/Frame 070682/0001 →
LIEN Recorded Mar 31, 2025
From: TAE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
To: FISH & RICHARDSON P.C.
Reel/Frame 070682/0330 →
LIEN Recorded Jun 25, 2024
From: TAE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
To: FISH & RICHARDSON PC
Reel/Frame 067841/0124 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Jul 26, 2023
From: NADERI, ROOZBEH; SLEPCHENKOV, MIKHAIL
To: TAE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Reel/Frame 064394/0143 →
Continuity (4)
Continuation 17953988 · Sep 27, 2022
Continuation 17487552 · Sep 28, 2021
Provisional Application 63085628 · Sep 30, 2020
Related Publication 20240075847A1 · Mar 7, 2024
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