Photovoltaic structures having a composite conductor
A bifacial photovoltaic structure includes a transparent substrate, a perovskite absorber layer overlaying the substrate, a transparent first composite conductor interposed between the substrate and the perovskite absorber layer, and a transparent second composite conductor disposed over the perovskite absorber layer. The first composite conductor includes a first set of metal lines, and a first conducting layer provided in contact with the metal lines, wherein the first set of metal lines is characterized by a first set of dimensions and a first metallic composition. The second composite conductor includes a second conducting layer, and a second set of metal lines provided in contact with the second conducting layer, wherein the second set of metal lines is characterized by a second set of dimensions and a second metallic composition. The dimensions and/or compositions of the first and second composite conductors are different.
1. A bifacial photovoltaic structure comprising:
a) a transparent substrate;
b) a transparent first composite conductor overlaying the transparent substrate, the first composite conductor comprising a first set of metal lines and a first conducting layer provided in contact with the first set of metal lines, wherein the first set of metal lines is characterized by a first set of dimensions and a first metallic composition;
c) a first carrier transport layer overlaying the first composite conductor
d) a perovskite absorber layer overlaying the first carrier transport layer;
e) a second carrier transport layer overlaying the perovskite absorber layer; and
f) a transparent second composite conductor overlaying the second carrier transport layer, the second composite conductor comprising a second conducting layer and a second set of metal lines provided in contact with the second conducting layer, wherein the second set of metal lines is characterized by a second set of dimensions and a second metallic composition,
wherein:
i) at least one dimension of the first set of dimensions is different than a corresponding dimension of the second set of dimensions by greater than 20%;
ii) the first metallic composition is different than the second metallic composition with respect to elemental composition or morphology; or
iii) both i) and ii);
and wherein at least one of the first and second composite conductors has a functional sheet resistance of less than 20 ohms.
2. The bifacial photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein the first set of metal lines is provided over the transparent substrate and the first conducting layer is provided over the first set of metal lines and over the transparent substrate.
3. The photovoltaic structure of claim 2 , wherein the second conducting layer is provided over the second carrier transport layer and the second set of metal lines is provided over the second conducting layer.
4. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein within a target wavelength range and relative to the second composite conductor, the first composite conductor has a higher average transmittance or a lower average absorptance.
5. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein the first set of metal lines have an average width W1 that is larger than an average width W2 of the second set of metal lines.
6. The photovoltaic structure according of claim 1 , wherein the first set of metal lines have an average height H1 that is smaller than an average height H2 of the second set of metal lines.
7. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein the first set of metal lines, the second set of metal lines, or both the first and second sets of metal lines comprise substantially parallel lines that align with an intended direction of current flow during operation.
8. The photovoltaic structure of claim 7 , wherein the substantially parallel lines are uniformly spaced by an average distance of 0.1 to 2.0 mm.
9. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is flexible.
10. The photovoltaic of claim 1 , wherein the first composite conductor is characterized by a first functional sheet resistance, the second composite conductor is characterized by a second functional sheet resistance, and a ratio of the first functional sheet resistance to the second functional sheet resistance is in a range of 0.5 to 2.0.
11. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and second conducting layers has an intrinsic sheet resistance in a range of 200 to 1000 ohms/square.
12. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein i) the first set of metal lines has an average width W1 of less than 40 μm, ii) the second set of metal lines has an average width W2 of less than 20 μm, iii) the first set of metal lines has an average height H1 in a range of 50 to 200 nm, iv) the second set of metal lines has an average height H2 in a range of 200 to 2000 nm, or v) any combination of (i)-(iv).
13. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein the second composite conductor has a transmittance of at least 90% or an absorptance of less than 10% in a wavelength range of 525 to 575 nm.
14. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein the first conducting layer comprises a first transparent conductive oxide having an average thickness of 100 nm or less.
15. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein the second conducting layer comprises a second transparent conductive oxide having an average thickness of 100 nm or less.
16. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein i) the first set of metal lines are formed from a first metal ink wherein the first metal ink comprises first metal particles characterized by a first average metal particle size, ii) the second set of metal lines are formed from a second metal ink wherein the second metal ink comprises second metal particles characterized by a second average metal particle size, and iii) the first average metal particle size is less than the second average metal particle size.
17. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein the first set of metal lines comprise silver, and wherein the second set of metal lines comprise copper.
18. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , wherein the first set of metal lines are at least partially embedded in the substrate.
19. A bifacial photovoltaic structure comprising:
a) a transparent substrate;
b) a transparent first composite conductor overlaying the transparent substrate, the first composite conductor comprising a first set of metal lines and a first conducting layer provided in contact with the first set of metal lines, wherein the first set of metal lines is characterized by a first set of dimensions and a first metallic composition;
c) a first carrier transport layer overlaying the first composite conductor
d) a perovskite absorber layer overlaying the first carrier transport layer;
e) a second carrier transport layer overlaying the perovskite absorber layer; and
f) a transparent second composite conductor overlaying the second carrier transport layer, the second composite conductor comprising a second conducting layer and a second set of metal lines provided in contact with the second conducting layer, wherein the second set of metal lines is characterized by a second set of dimensions and a second metallic composition,
wherein:
i) at least one dimension of the first set of dimensions is different than a corresponding dimension of the second set of dimensions by greater than 20%;
ii) the first metallic composition is different than the second metallic composition with respect to elemental composition or morphology; or
iii) both i) and ii);
and wherein the first composite conductor is characterized by a first functional sheet resistance, the second composite conductor is characterized by a second functional sheet resistance, and a ratio of the first functional sheet resistance to the second functional sheet resistance is in a range of 0.5 to 2.0.