VACUUM INSULATED PANEL WITH OPTIMIZED COMPRESSIVE AND/OR TENSILE STRESS IN GLASS
A vacuum insulating panel comprising: a first glass substrate; a second glass substrate; a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second glass substrates, wherein the gap is at pressure less than atmospheric pressure; a seal provided at least partially between at least the first and second substrates; and wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, has compressive stress at a center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in a surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi, and has one, two, or all three of: (i) a compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi, (ii) tension stress at the center of the glass as viewed from above in the central tension region of at least about 5,800 psi, and/or (iii) compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi.
1 . A vacuum insulating panel comprising:
a first glass substrate;
a second glass substrate;
a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second glass substrates, wherein the gap is at pressure less than atmospheric pressure;
a seal provided at least partially between at least the first and second substrates; and
wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, has compressive stress at a center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in a surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi, and has tension stress at the center of the glass as viewed from above in a central tension region of at least about 5,500 psi.
2 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, has compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 11,000 psi, and has tension stress at the center of the glass as viewed from above in the central tension region of at least about 5,800 psi.
3 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 12,000 psi.
4 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 13,000 psi.
5 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has tension stress at the center of the glass as viewed from above in the central tension region of at least about 6,000 psi.
6 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has tension stress at the center of the glass as viewed from above in the central tension region of at least about 6,500 psi.
7 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 9,700 psi.
8 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi.
9 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 11,000 psi.
10 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 12,000 psi.
11 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 13,000 psi.
12 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi.
13 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 11,000 psi.
14 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 12,000 psi.
15 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-edge difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 2,000 psi.
16 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-edge difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 1,500 psi.
17 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-edge difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 1,000 psi.
18 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-corner difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 2,000 psi.
19 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-corner difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 1,500 psi.
20 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-corner difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 1,000 psi.
21 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and has a ratio of center surface compressive stress/central tension stress of at least about 2:1.
22 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and has a ratio of center surface compressive stress/central tension stress of at least about 2.2:1.
23 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the seal comprises a first seal layer and a second seal layer, wherein a thermal conductivity of the first seal layer is less than a thermal conductivity of the first glass substrate, and wherein the thermal conductivity of the first glass substrate is less than a thermal conductivity of the second seal layer, so that the thermal conductivity of the second seal layer is greater than the thermal conductivity of the first substrate and greater than the thermal conductivity of the first seal layer.
24 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the seal comprises first and second seal layers, wherein the second seal layer has a thermal conductivity of from 1.00 to 2.00 W/mK and the first seal layer has a thermal conductivity of from 0.75 to 1.00 W/mK.
25 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 24 , wherein the second seal layer has a thermal conductivity of from 1.10 to 1.50 W/mK, and the first seal layer has a thermal conductivity of from 0.80 to 0.95 W/mK.
26 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 23 , wherein a ratio TCpl/TCml, where TCpl is the thermal conductivity of the second seal layer and TCml is the thermal conductivity of the first seal layer, is from about 1.2 to 1.5.
27 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the seal comprises a first seal layer comprising from about 20-80 wt. % tellurium oxide, the tellurium oxide comprising TeO 4 and TeO 3 , and wherein the first seal layer comprises more TeO 3 than TeO 4 by wt. %.
28 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 27 , wherein the first seal layer comprises from about 40-70 wt. % tellurium oxide.
29 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 27 , wherein from about 60-95% of Te in the first seal layer is in a form of TeO 3 .
30 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 29 , wherein from about 3-35% of Te in the first seal layer is in a form of TeO 4 .
31 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 29 , wherein from about 1-9% of Te in the first seal layer is in a form of TeO 3+1 .
32 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 27 , wherein a ratio TeO 4 :TeO 3 in the first seal layer is from about 0.05 to 0.40.
33 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 27 , wherein the first seal layer further comprises vanadium oxide, and wherein the first seal layer by wt. % comprises more tellurium oxide than vanadium oxide.
34 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 33 , wherein the vanadium oxide comprises VO 2 and V 2 O 5 , and wherein more V in the first seal layer is in a form of VO 2 than V 2 O 5 .
35 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 33 , wherein the first seal layer comprises from about 10-50 wt. % vanadium oxide.
36 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the seal comprises first, second, and third seal layers, the first seal layer being located at least partially between the second and third seal layers, wherein the first seal layer comprises tellurium oxide and vanadium oxide, and wherein at least one of the second and third seal layers comprise bismuth oxide and/or boron oxide.
37 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 36 , wherein at least one of the second and third seal layers comprises from about 1-40 mol % bismuth and from about 3-40 mol % boron on an elemental basis, and comprises at least two times more boron (B) than bismuth (Bi) on an elemental basis in terms of mol %.
38 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 36 , wherein at least one of the second and third seal layers comprises from about 2-15 mol % bismuth and from about 5-30 mol % boron on an elemental basis, and comprises at least three times more boron (B) than bismuth (Bi) on an elemental basis in terms of mol %.
39 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 36 , wherein at least one of the second and third seal layers comprises from about 20-50 wt. % bismuth oxide.
40 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 36 , wherein for at least one location of the seal, the first seal layer has a first thickness, the second seal layer has a second thickness, and the third seal layer has a third thickness; and wherein the first thickness is greater than the second thickness and less than the third thickness.
41 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the seal comprises a first ceramic seal layer having a density of from about 2.8-4.0 g/cm 3 , and a second ceramic seal layer having a density of from about 3.0-4.2 g/cm 3 , and wherein the density of the second ceramic seal layer is at least about 0.20 g/cm 3 greater than the density of the first ceramic seal layer.
42 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the seal is substantially lead-free.
43 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the first seal layer has an average particle size (D50) of from about 5-20 μm.
44 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the panel is configured for use in a window.
45 . A vacuum insulating panel comprising:
a first glass substrate;
a second glass substrate;
a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second glass substrates, wherein the gap is at pressure less than atmospheric pressure;
a seal provided at least partially between at least the first and second substrates; and
wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, has compressive stress at a center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in a surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi, and has at least two of:
(i) a compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi,
(ii) tension stress at the center of the glass as viewed from above in the central tension region of at least about 5,800 psi, and
(iii) compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi.
46 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, has compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 11,000 psi, and has tension stress at the center of the glass as viewed from above in the central tension region of at least about 6,000 psi.
47 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 12,000 psi.
48 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 13,000 psi.
49 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has tension stress at the center of the glass as viewed from above in the central tension region of at least about 6,500 psi.
50 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi.
51 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 11,000 psi.
52 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 12,000 psi.
53 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 13,000 psi.
54 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi.
55 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 11,000 psi.
56 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered and has compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 12,000 psi.
57 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-edge difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 2,000 psi.
58 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-edge difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 1,500 psi.
59 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-edge difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 1,000 psi.
60 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-corner difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 2,000 psi.
61 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-corner difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 1,500 psi.
62 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, and wherein a center-to-corner difference between (a) a compressive stress at the center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, and (b) a compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region, is no greater than about 1,000 psi.
63 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein the seal comprises a first seal layer and a second seal layer, wherein a thermal conductivity of the first seal layer is less than a thermal conductivity of the first glass substrate, and wherein the thermal conductivity of the first glass substrate is less than a thermal conductivity of the second seal layer, so that the thermal conductivity of the second seal layer is greater than the thermal conductivity of the first substrate and greater than the thermal conductivity of the first seal layer.
64 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 63 , wherein the second seal layer has a thermal conductivity of from 1.00 to 2.00 W/mK, and the first seal layer has a thermal conductivity of from 0.75 to 1.00 W/mK.
65 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 63 , wherein the second seal layer has a thermal conductivity of from about 1.10 to 1.50 W/mK, and the first seal layer has a thermal conductivity of from about 0.80 to 0.95 W/mK.
66 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 63 , wherein a ratio TCpl/TCml, where TCpl is the thermal conductivity of the second seal layer and TCml is the thermal conductivity of the first seal layer, is from about 1.2 to 1.5.
67 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein the seal comprises a first seal layer comprising from about 20-80 wt. % tellurium oxide, the tellurium oxide comprising TeO 4 and TeO 3 , and wherein the first seal layer comprises more TeO 3 than TeO 4 by wt. %.
68 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 67 , wherein the first seal layer comprises from about 40-70 wt. % tellurium oxide.
69 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 67 , wherein from about 60-95% of Te in the first seal layer is in a form of TeO 3 .
70 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 69 , wherein from about 3-35% of Te in the first seal layer is in a form of TeO 4 .
71 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 70 , wherein from about 1-9% of Te in the first seal layer is in a form of TeO 3+1 .
72 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 67 , wherein a ratio TeO 4 :TeO 3 in the first seal layer is from about 0.05 to 0.40.
73 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 67 , wherein the first seal layer further comprises vanadium oxide, and wherein the first seal layer by wt. % comprises more tellurium oxide than vanadium oxide.
74 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 73 , wherein the vanadium oxide comprises VO 2 and V 2 O 5 , and wherein more V in the first seal layer is in a form of VO 2 than V 2 O 5 .
75 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 73 , wherein the first seal layer comprises from about 10-50 wt. % vanadium oxide.
76 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein the seal comprises first, second, and third seal layers, the first seal layer being located at least partially between the second and third seal layers, wherein the first seal layer comprises tellurium oxide and vanadium oxide, and wherein at least one of the second and third seal layers comprises bismuth oxide and/or boron oxide.
77 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 76 , wherein at least one of the second and third seal layers comprises from about 1-40 mol % bismuth and from about 3-40 mol % boron on an elemental basis, and comprises at least two times more boron (B) than bismuth (Bi) on an elemental basis in terms of mol %.
78 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 76 , wherein at least one of the second and third seal layers comprises from about 20-50 wt. % bismuth oxide.
79 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 76 , wherein for at least one location of the seal, the first seal layer has a first thickness, the second seal layer has a second thickness, and the third seal layer has a third thickness; and wherein the first thickness is greater than the second thickness and less than the third thickness.
80 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein the seal comprises a first ceramic seal layer having a density of from about 2.8-4.0 g/cm 3 , and a second ceramic seal layer having a density of from about 3.0-4.2 g/cm 3 , and wherein the density of the second ceramic seal layer is at least about 0.20 g/cm 3 greater than the density of the first ceramic seal layer.
81 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein the seal is substantially lead-free.
82 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein the panel is configured for use in a window.
83 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 45 , wherein the at least one tempered glass substrate has a DOL about 21% into the glass from a major surface of the glass substrate.
84 . A vacuum insulating panel comprising:
a first glass substrate;
a second glass substrate;
a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second glass substrates, wherein the gap is at pressure less than atmospheric pressure;
a seal provided at least partially between at least the first and second substrates; and
wherein at least one of the glass substrates is tempered, has compressive stress at a center of the glass substrate as viewed from above in a surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi, and has at least one of:
(a) a compressive stress proximate an edge of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi,
(b) tension stress at the center of the glass as viewed from above in the central tension region of at least about 5,800 psi, and
(c) compressive stress proximate a corner of the glass substrate as viewed from above in the surface compression region of at least about 10,000 psi.