Biopolymer-Containing Nonwoven Fabric
Nonwoven fabrics including a first spunmelt through-air-bonded (TAB) nonwoven layer comprising a first plurality of spunmelt fibers, in which the first plurality of spunmelt fibers comprise a biopolymer. The first plurality of spunmelt fibers may be physically entangled with cellulosic fibers, such by hydroentangling. Methods of forming a nonwoven fabric including a first spunmelt TAB nonwoven layer are also provided.
1 . A method of forming a nonwoven fabric, comprising:
(a) forming or providing a first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer including a first plurality of spunmelt fibers, wherein the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer comprises a first plurality of discrete thermal bond sites; and
(b) subjecting the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer to a through-air-bonding (TAB) operation to provide the nonwoven fabric.
2 . The method claim 1 , wherein the first plurality of spunmelt fibers comprises bi-component fibers comprising a core component including a first biopolymer or first biopolymer composition and a sheath component including a second biopolymer or second biopolymer composition; wherein the first biopolymer or first biopolymer composition has a first melting temperature and the second biopolymer or second biopolymer composition has a second melting temperature; wherein the first melting temperature is larger than the second melting temperature.
3 . The method claim 1 , wherein the nonwoven fabric comprises a composite nonwoven fabric, and wherein the method further comprises (i) depositing at least one layer of cellulosic fibers onto the first plurality of spunmelt fibers after subjecting the intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer to the TAB operation, and (ii) physically entangling the first plurality of spunmelt fibers and the cellulosic fibers.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the plurality of cellulosic fibers comprise from about 40 to 90% by weight of the nonwoven fabric.
5 . The method claim 1 , wherein the first plurality of discrete first bond sites define a first bonded area from 3 to 30%.
6 . The method claim 1 , wherein the first plurality of spunmelt fibers comprises bi-component fibers including a first component comprising a first biopolymer composition and a second component comprising a second biopolymer composition, and wherein the first biopolymer composition and the second biopolymer composition each comprise a poly(lactic) acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a poly(hydroxycarboxylic) acids, or any combination thereof.
7 . The method claim 6 , wherein the first plurality of spunmelt fibers comprise a sheath/core configuration, a side-by-side configuration, a pie configuration, an islands-in-the-sea configuration, a multi-lobed configuration, or any combinations thereof.
8 . The method claim 7 , wherein the first plurality of spunmelt fibers comprise bi-component fibers wherein the first component comprises a core component and the second component comprises a sheath component.
9 . The method claim 8 , wherein the sheath component comprises an at least partially deformed configuration associated with the softening, at least partial flowing, and re-solidification into the at least partially deformed configuration, and wherein a thickness of the sheath component in the at least partially deformed configuration varies.
10 . The method claim 8 , wherein the first biopolymer composition comprises a first PLA or first PLA composition and the second biopolymer composition comprises a second PLA or a second PLA composition.
11 . The method claim 3 , wherein the nonwoven fabric comprises a composite nonwoven fabric, and wherein the method further comprises (i) forming or providing a second intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer including a second plurality of spunmelt fibers, wherein the second intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer comprises a second plurality of discrete thermal bond sites; (ii) positioning at least one layer of a plurality of cellulosic fibers between the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer and the second intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer, and (iii) physically entangling the first plurality of spunmelt fibers, the cellulosic fibers, and the second plurality of spunmelt fibers together.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of cellulosic fibers comprise from about 40 to 90% by weight of the nonwoven fabric.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first plurality of spunmelt fibers comprise spunbond fibers, meltblown fibers, staple fibers, or combinations thereof.
14 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising subjecting the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer to an annealing operation prior subjecting the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer to the TAB operation.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the annealing operation comprises heating the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer to a temperature to within, but not at or exceeding, about 7° C. below a highest melting point component of the intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the annealing operation further comprises maintaining the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer under physical constraint during heating of the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein maintaining the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer under physical constraint comprises physically constraining the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer between two belts, between a belt and a drum, or via a stenter constraint.
18 . The method of claim 16 , wherein prior to releasing the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer from the physical constraint, the temperature of the first intermediate spunmelt nonwoven layer is reduced to about 20° C. to about 35° C.
19 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising intermixing abrasive particles with the first plurality of spunmelt fibers.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein intermixing abrasive particles with the first plurality of spunmelt fibers comprises a co-forming operation.