Tungsten heavy metal alloy powders and methods of forming them
In various embodiments, metallic alloy powders are formed at least in part by spray drying to form agglomerate particles and/or plasma densification to form composite particles.
1. A powder for additive manufacturing of a part comprising a refractory metal alloy, wherein the refractory metal alloy (i) comprises (a) one or more refractory metals selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum, rhenium, tungsten, and molybdenum, and (b) one or more additional metals each having a melting point lower than a melting point of each said one or more refractory metals, and (ii) has a theoretical density corresponding to a weighted average of the densities of the one or more refractory metals and the one or more additional metals, the powder comprising a plurality of substantially spherical and dry composite particles, wherein:
each composite particle comprises a plurality of grains (i) comprising at least one said one or more refractory metals and (ii) surrounded by a matrix comprising the one or more additional metals, and
the powder is disposed within a powder bed of an additive manufacturing apparatus.
2. The powder of claim 1 , wherein (i) the one or more refractory metals comprises tungsten, and (ii) the one or more additional metals comprises at least one of nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, or manganese.
3. The powder of claim 1 , wherein the powder has a particle-size distribution d10 between 2 microns and 8 microns, d50 between 15 microns and 25 microns, and d90 between 50 microns and 70 microns, wherein a particle-size distribution dX of Y denotes that X3/4 of particles have a size less than Y.
4. The powder of claim 1 , wherein a tap density of the powder ranges from approximately 40% to approximately 75% of the theoretical density.
5. The powder of claim 1 , wherein the powder is flowable, a Hall flow rate of the powder ranging from approximately 1 s/50 g to approximately 15 s/50 g.
6. The powder of claim 1 , wherein a bulk density of the powder is approximately 35% or more of the theoretical density.
7. The powder of claim 1 , wherein a bulk density of the powder is approximately 50% or more of the theoretical density.
8. The powder of claim 1 , wherein a bulk density of the powder is approximately 65% or less of the theoretical density.
9. The powder of claim 1 , wherein a concentration, within the powder, of at least one of sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, or antimony is less than 10 ppm.
10. The powder of claim 1 , wherein a concentration, within the powder, of each of sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, or antimony is less than 10 ppm.
11. A wire preform for fabricating a refractory metal alloy, wherein the refractory metal alloy (i) comprises (a) one or more refractory metals selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum, rhenium, tungsten, and molybdenum, and (b) one or more additional metals each having a melting point lower than a melting point of each said one or more refractory metals, and (ii) has a theoretical density corresponding to a weighted average of the densities of the one or more refractory metals and the one or more additional metals, the wire preform comprising:
a cylindrical tube; and
a powder disposed within the tube, the powder comprising a plurality of substantially spherical and dry composite particles,
wherein each composite particle comprises a plurality of grains (i) comprising at least one said one or more refractory metals and (ii) surrounded by a matrix comprising the one or more additional metals.
12. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein the tube comprises at least one said refractory metal.
13. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein the tube comprises at least one said additional metal.
14. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein the tube comprises at least one metal not present in the powder.
15. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein the tube comprises at least one of plastic, rubber, or a polymeric material.
16. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein the tube is coaxially disposed within one or more additional tubes.
17. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein a concentration, within the powder, of at least one of sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, or antimony is less than 10 ppm.
18. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein a concentration, within the powder, of each of sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, or antimony is less than 10 ppm.
19. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein the powder has a particle-size distribution d10 between 2 microns and 8 microns, d50 between 15 microns and 25 microns, and d90 between 50 microns and 70 microns, wherein a particle-size distribution dX of Y denotes that X3/4 of particles have a size less than Y.
20. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein a bulk density of the powder is approximately 35% or more of the theoretical density.
21. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein a bulk density of the powder is approximately 65% or less of the theoretical density.
22. The wire preform of claim 11 , wherein at least a portion of the wire preform is disposed within a wire feeder of an additive manufacturing apparatus.