IP Library Granted Patent US 12,529,078
Granted Patent B2
US 12,529,078 · App. 18/390,570 · Granted Jan 20, 2026

Microorganisms and methods for improving product yields on methanol using acetyl-CoA synthesis

Inventors: Robin E. Osterhout (San Diego, CA); Anthony P. Burgard (Elizabeth, PA); Priti Pharkya (San Diego, CA); Stefan Andrae (San Diego, CA)
Assignee: Genomatica, Inc.
C12P5/026C12N1/14C12N1/20C12N15/70C12N15/81C12P7/02C12P7/04C12P7/18C12P7/40C12P7/42C12P7/44C12P13/001C12P13/005C12P17/10Y02E50/30
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Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,529,078
App. No.
18/390,570
Granted
Jan 20, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms containing enzymatic pathways and/or metabolic modifications for enhancing carbon flux through acetyl-CoA. In some embodiments, the microbial organisms of the invention having such pathways also include pathways for generating reducing equivalents, formaldehyde fixation and/or formate assimilation. The enhanced carbon flux through acetyl-CoA, in combination with pathways for generating reducing equivalents, formaldehyde fixation and/or formate assimilation can, in some embodiments, be used for production of a bioderived compound. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the microbial organisms of the invention can include a pathway capable of producing a bioderived compound of the invention. The invention still further provides a bioderived compound produced by a microbial organism of the invention, culture medium having the bioderived compound of the invention, compositions having the bioderived compound of the invention, a biobased product comprising the bioderived compound of the invention, and a process for producing a bioderived compound of the invention.

Claims (34)

1 . A non-naturally occurring microbial organism having a methanol metabolic pathway, an acetyl-CoA pathway, and a formate assimilation pathway wherein said methanol metabolic pathway comprises a methanol dehydrogenase or a methanol methyltransferase, wherein said methanol dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of methanol to formaldehyde and wherein said methanol methyltransferase catalyzes conversion of methanol into methyl-THF,

wherein said acetyl-CoA pathway comprises a xylulose-5-phosphate phosphoketolase wherein said xylulose-5-phosphate phosphoketolase catalyzes conversion of xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu5P) and phosphate to acetyl-phosphate (ACTP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P),

wherein said formate assimilation pathway comprises:

(1) a pyruvate formate lyase, wherein said pyruvate formate lyase catalyzes conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA (ACCOA); or

(2) a pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, or pyruvate: NADP+ oxidoreductase, and a formate dehydrogenase, wherein said pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, or pyruvate: NADP+ oxidoreductase catalyzes conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA (ACCOA), and where said formate dehydrogenase converts CO 2 to formate;

wherein an enzyme of the methanol metabolic pathway, an enzyme of the acetyl-CoA pathway, and at least one enzyme of the formate assimilation pathway is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid and is expressed in a sufficient amount to increase the yield of acetyl-CoA per mole of methanol if compared to the yield of acetyl-CoA per mole of methanol in the absence of said enzymes.

2 . The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said formate assimilation pathway further comprises a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase or an enzyme of lower glycolysis encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid.

3 . The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said non-naturally occurring microbial organism further comprises a formaldehyde fixation pathway, wherein said formaldehyde fixation pathway further comprises:

(1) a dihydroxyacetone synthase and a fructose-6-phosphate aldolase, wherein said dihydroxyacetone synthase transfers a glycoaldehyde group from Xu5P to formaldehyde, resulting in the formation of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and wherein said fructose-6-phosphate aldolase catalyzes conversion of DHA and G3P to fructose-6-phosphate;

(2) a dihydroxyacetone synthase, wherein said dihydroxyacetone synthase transfers a glycoaldehyde group from xylulose-5-phosphate to formaldehyde, resulting in the formation of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); or

(3) a 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase and a 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase, wherein said 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase catalyzes conversion of formaldehyde and D-ribulose-5-phosphate to hexulose-6-phosphate and wherein said 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase catalyzes conversion of H6P to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P),

wherein an enzyme of the formaldehyde fixation pathway is encoded by at least one exogenous nucleic acid and is expressed in a sufficient amount to increase yield of acetyl-CoA per mole of methanol if compared to yield of acetyl-CoA per mole of methanol in the absence of said enzyme.

4 . The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said formate assimilation pathway further comprises:

(1) a formate reductase, wherein said formate reductase catalyzes conversion of formate to formaldehyde;

(2) a formate ligase, and a formyl-CoA reductase, wherein said formate ligase catalyzes conversion of formate to formyl-CoA and wherein said formyl-CoA reductase catalyzes conversion of formyl-CoA to formaldehyde;

(3) a formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, and a formaldehyde-forming enzyme or spontaneous, wherein said formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase catalyzes conversion of formate to formyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase catalyzes conversion of formyltetrahydrofolate to methenyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of methenyltetrahydrofolate to methylenetetrahydrofolate, wherein said formaldehyde-forming enzyme catalyzes conversion of methylenetetrahydrofolate to formaldehyde and tetrahydrofolate or wherein said conversion of methylenetetrahydrofolate to formaldehyde and tetrahydrofolate is spontaneous;

(4) a formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a glycine cleavage system, a serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and a serine deaminase, wherein said formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase catalyzes conversion of formate to formyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase catalyzes conversion of formyltetrahydrofolate to methenyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of methenyltetrahydrofolate to methylenetetrahydrofolate, wherein said glycine cleavage system catalyzes transfer a formaldehyde group from methylenetetrahydrofolate to glycine, wherein said serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes conversion of glycine to serine and wherein said serine deaminase catalyzes conversion of serine to pyruvate;

(5) a formate reductase, a formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a glycine cleavage system, a serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and a serine deaminase, wherein said formate reductase catalyzes conversion of formate to formaldehyde, wherein said formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase catalyzes conversion of formate to formyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase catalyzes conversion of formyltetrahydrofolate to methenyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of methenyltetrahydrofolate to methylenetetrahydrofolate, wherein said glycine cleavage system catalyzes transfer of a formaldehyde group from methylenetetrahydrofolate to glycine, wherein said serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes conversion of glycine to serine and wherein said serine deaminase catalyzes conversion of serine to pyruvate;

(6) a formate ligase, a formyl-CoA reductase, a formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a glycine cleavage system, a serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and a serine deaminase, wherein said formate ligase catalyzes conversion of formate to formyl-CoA, wherein said formyl-CoA reductase catalyzes conversion of formyl-CoA to formaldehyde, wherein said formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase catalyzes conversion of formate to formyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase catalyzes conversion of formyltetrahydrofolate to methenyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of methenyltetrahydrofolate to methylenetetrahydrofolate, wherein said glycine cleavage system catalyzes transfer of a formaldehyde group from methylenetetrahydrofolate to glycine, wherein said serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes conversion of glycine to serine and wherein said serine deaminase catalyzes conversion of serine to pyruvate;

(7) a formaldehyde-forming enzyme or spontaneous, a formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a glycine cleavage system, a serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and a serine deaminase, wherein said formaldehyde-forming enzyme catalyzes conversion of methylenetetrahydrofolate to formaldehyde and tetrahydrofolate or wherein said conversion of methylenetetrahydrofolate to formaldehyde and tetrahydrofolate is spontaneous, wherein said formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase catalyzes conversion of formate to formyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase catalyzes conversion of formyltetrahydrofolate to methenyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of methenyltetrahydrofolate to methylenetetrahydrofolate, wherein said glycine cleavage system catalyzes transfer a formaldehyde group from methylene-THF to glycine, wherein said serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes conversion of glycine to serine and wherein said serine deaminase catalyzes conversion of serine to pyruvate; or

(8) a formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and an acetyl-CoA synthase wherein said formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase catalyzes conversion of formate to formyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase catalyzes conversion of formyltetrahydrofolate to methenyltetrahydrofolate, wherein said methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of methenyltetrahydrofolate to methylenetetrahydrofolate, wherein said methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase catalyzes the conversion of methylenetetrahydrofolate to methyltetrahydrofolate and wherein said acetyl-CoA synthase catalyzes the conversion of methyltetrahydrofolate to acetyl-CoA,

wherein an enzyme of the formate assimilation pathway is encoded by at least one exogenous nucleic acid and is expressed in a sufficient amount to increase yield of acetyl-CoA per mole of methanol if compared to yield of acetyl-CoA per mole of methanol in the absence of said enzyme.

5 . The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said non-naturally occurring microbial organism further comprises a pathway capable of producing a bioderived compound, wherein said bioderived compound is selected from the group consisting of:

(i) 1,4-butanediol or 4-hydroxybutanoic acid (4-HB);

(ii) butadiene (1,3-butadiene) 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, crotyl alcohol, 3-buten-2-ol (methyl vinyl carbinol) or 3-buten-1-ol;

(iii) 1,3-butanediol, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), 2,4-pentadienoate, crotyl alcohol or 3-buten-1-ol;

(iv) adipate, 6-aminocaproic acid, caprolactam, hexamethylenediamine, levulinic acid, adipyl-CoA or 4-aminobutyryl-CoA;

(v) methacrylic acid or an ester thereof, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, or 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, wherein said ester is methyl methacrylate or poly(methyl methacrylate);

(vi) 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol), 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, or bisphenol A;

(vii) succinic acid; and

(viii) a fatty alcohol, a fatty aldehyde or a fatty acid comprising C4 to C27 carbon atoms, C8 to C18 carbon atoms, C12 to C18 carbon atoms, or C12 to C14 carbon atoms.

6 . The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 5 , wherein said fatty alcohol is dodecanol (C12; lauryl alcohol), tridecyl alcohol (C13; 1-tridecanol, tridecanol, isotridecanol), myristyl alcohol (C14; 1-tetradecanol), pentadecyl alcohol (C15; 1-pentadecanol, pentadecanol), cetyl alcohol (C16; 1-hexadecanol), heptadecyl alcohol (C17; 1-n-heptadecanol, heptadecanol) and stearyl alcohol (C18; 1-octadecanol) or palmitoleyl alcohol (C16 unsaturated; cis-9-hexadecen-1-ol).

7 . The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said microbial organism is a species of bacteria, yeast, or fungus.

8 . A method for producing a bioderived compound, comprising culturing the non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 under conditions and for a sufficient period of time to produce said bioderived compound.

Assignments (3)
SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Feb 10, 2026
From: GENOMATICA, INC.
To: AGAIN BIO APS
Reel/Frame 074708/0001 →
SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Dec 9, 2025
From: GENOMATICA, INC.
To: NOVO HOLDINGS A/S, AS COLLATERAL AGENT
Reel/Frame 073915/0027 →
SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Jun 2, 2025
From: GENOMATICA, INC.
To: OXFORD FINANCE LLC
Reel/Frame 071471/0770 →
Continuity (5)
Continuation 17064404 · Oct 6, 2020
Continuation 15039221
Provisional Application 61945056 · Feb 26, 2014
Provisional Application 61911414 · Dec 3, 2013
Related Publication 20240294950A1 · Sep 5, 2024
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Clark et al., “Purification and properties of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, an iron-sulfur flavoprotein from Clostridium formicoaceticum,” [cited by applicant]
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Colonna et al., “Synthesis and radiocarbon evidence of terephthalate polyesters completely prepared from renewable resources,” [cited by applicant]
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Corthesy-Theulaz et al., “Cloning and Characterization of Helicobacter pylori Succinyl CoA:Acetoacetate CoA-transferase, a Novel Prokaryotic Member of the CoA-transferase Family,” [cited by applicant]
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Crans et al., “Glycerol Kinase:Substrate Specificity,” [cited by applicant]
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Deana, “Substrate specificity of a dicarboxyl-CoA: dicarboxylic acid coenzyme A transferase from rat liver mitochondria,” [cited by applicant]
Di Gennaro et al., “Styrene lower catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas Xuorescens ST: identification and characterization of genes for phenylacetic acid degradation,” [cited by applicant]
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Donovan et al., “Review: optimizing inducer and culture conditions for expression of foreign proteins under the control of the lac promoter,” [cited by applicant]
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Drevland et al., “Enzymology and Evolution of the Pyruvate Pathway to 2-Oxobutyrate in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii,” [cited by applicant]
Duncombe et al., “Molecular and catalytic properties of the acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase of [cited by applicant]
Evans et al., “A new ferredoxin-dependent carbon reduction cycle in a photosynthetic bacterium,” [cited by applicant]
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Fonknechten et al., “A Conserved Gene Cluster Rules Anaerobic Oxidative Degradation of L-Ornithine,” [cited by applicant]
Fontaine et al., “Molecular Characterization and Transcriptional Analysis of adhE2, the Gene Encoding the NADH-Dependent Aldehyde/Alcohol Dehydrogenase Responsible for Butanol Production in Alcohologenic Cultures of Clo… [cited by applicant]
Fox et al., “Characterization of the Region Encoding the CO-Induced Hydrogenase of Rhodospirillum rubrum,” [cited by applicant]
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Francois et al., “Structure of a NADH-insensitive hexameric citrate synthase that resists acid inactivation,” [cited by applicant]
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Fuchs et al., “Alternative pathways of carbon dioxide fixation: insights into the early evolution of life?,” [cited by applicant]
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Galagan et al., “The Genome of M. acetivorans Reveals Extensive Metabolic and Physiological Diversity,” [cited by applicant]
Germer et al., “Overexpression, Isolation, and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Bidirectional [NiFe] Hydrogenase from [cited by applicant]
Gibbs et al., “Degenerate oligonucleotide gene shuf [cited by applicant]
Goenrich et al., “A glutathione-dependent formaldehyde-activating enzyme (Gfa) from Paracoccus denitrificans detected and purified via two-dimensional proton exchange NMR spectroscopy,” [cited by applicant]
Grill et al., “Characterization of Fructose 6 Phosphate Phosphoketolases Purified from Bifidobacterium Species,” [cited by applicant]
Guest et al., “The fumarase genes of [cited by applicant]
Gutierrez et al., “Structure-guided redesign of D-fructose-6-phosphate aldolase from [cited by applicant]
Haller et al., “Discovering New Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways: Conversion of Succinate to Propionate by [cited by applicant]
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Hanson et al., “Methanotrophic bacteria,” [cited by applicant]
Harms et al., “Methylcobalamin: coenzyme M methyltransferase isoenzymes MtaA and MtbA from Methanosarcina barkeri. Cloning, sequencing and differential transcription of the encoding genes, and functional overexpression … [cited by applicant]
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Hashimoto et al., “Activation of L-lysine epsilon-dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens by several amino acids and monocarboxylates,” [cited by applicant]
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Heggeset et al., “Genome Sequence of Thermotolerant Bacillus methanolicus: Features and Regulation Related to Methylotrophy and Production of L-Lysine and L-Glutamate from Methanol,” [cited by applicant]
Heil et al., “Glycine binds the transcriptional accessory protein GcvR to disrupt a GcvA/GcvR interaction and allow GcvA-mediated activation of the [cited by applicant]
Hektor et al., “Identification of a Magnesium-dependent NAD(P)(H)-binding Domain in the Nicotinoprotein Methanol Dehydrogenase from Bacillus methanolicus,” [cited by applicant]
Herrmann et al., “Energy Conservation via Electron-Transferring Flavoprotein in Anaerobic Bacteria,” [cited by applicant]
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Hibbert et al., “Directed evolution of biocatalytic processes,” [cited by applicant]
Hillmer et al., “Particulate nature of enzymes involved in the fermentation of ethanol and acetate by Clostridium kluyveri,” [cited by applicant]
Hochstrasser, “Ubiquitin-Dependent Protein Degradation,” [cited by applicant]
Hoffmeister et al., “Mitochondrial trans-2-Enoyl-CoA Reductase of Wax Ester Fermentation from Euglena gracilis Defines a New Family of Enzymes Involved in Lipid Synthesis,” [cited by applicant]
Horiguchi et al., “Peroxisomal Catalase in the Methylotrophic Yeast Candida boidinii: Transport Efficiency and Metabolic Significance,” [cited by applicant]
Houseley et al., “The Many Pathways of RNA Degradation,” [cited by applicant]
Huang et al., “Identification and Characterization of a Second Butyrate Kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824,” [cited by applicant]
Hugler et al., “Malonyl-Coenzyme A Reductase from Chloroflexus aurantiacus, a Key Enzyme of the 3-Hydroxypropionate Cycle for Autotrophic CO2 Fixation,” [cited by applicant]
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Ingram-Smith et al., “Characterization of the Acetate Binding Pocket in the Methanosarcina thermophila Acetate Kinase,” [cited by applicant]
Ishige et al., “Wax Ester Production from n-Alkanes by [cited by applicant]
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Ito et al., “Cloning and high-level expression of the glutathione-independent formaldehyde dehydrogenase gene from Pseudomonas putida,” [cited by applicant]
Itoh et al., “Continuous production of chiral 1,3-butanediol using immobilized biocatalysts in a packed bed reactor: promising biocatalysis method with an asymmetric hydrogen-transfer bioreduction,” [cited by applicant]
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Jacobi et al., “The hyp operon gene products are required for the maturation of catalytically active hydrogenase isoenzymes in [cited by applicant]
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Jeng et al., “Ornithine degradation in Clostridium sticklandii; pyridoxal phosphate and coenzyme A dependent thiolytic cleavage of 2-amino-4-ketopentanoate to alanine and acetyl coenzyme A,” [cited by applicant]
Jeong et al., “Cloning and Characterization of a Gene Encoding Phosphoketolase in a Lactobacillus paraplantarum Isolated from Kimchi,” [cited by applicant]
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Kellum et al., “Effects of cultivation gas phase on hydrogenase of the acetogen Clostridium thermoaceticum,” [cited by applicant]
Kenklies et al., “Proline biosynthesis from L-ornithine in Clostridium sticklandii: purification of deltal-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, and sequence and expression of the encoding gene, proC,” [cited by applicant]
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Kim et al., “Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase Mutation Alters the NADH Sensitivity of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex of [cited by applicant]
Kim et al., “Effect of Overexpression of Actinobacillus succinogenes Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase on Succinate Production in [cited by applicant]
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Kloosterman et al., “Molecular, Biochemical, and Functional Characterization of a Nudix Hydrolase Protein That Stimulates the Activity of a Nicotinoprotein Alcohol Dehydrogenase,” [cited by applicant]
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Koksal et al., “Structure of isoprene synthase illuminates the chemical mechanism of teragram atmospheric carbon emission,” [cited by applicant]
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Kretz et al., “Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis: A Comprehensive Mutagenesis Approach,” [cited by applicant]
Kumari et al., “Cloning, Characterization, and Functional Expression of acs, the Gene Which Encodes Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthetase in [cited by applicant]
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Lee et al., “A new approach to directed gene evolution by recombined extension on truncated templates (RETT),” [cited by applicant]
Lee et al., “Antisense technology in molecular and cellular bioengineering,” [cited by applicant]
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Lessner et al., “An unconventional pathway for reduction of CO2 to methane in CO-grown Methanosarcina acetivorans revealed by proteomics,” [cited by applicant]
Leys et al., “Channelling and formation of ‘active’ formaldehyde in dimethylglycine oxidase,” [cited by applicant]
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Lindberg et al., “Engineering a platform for photosynthetic isoprene production in cyanobacteria, using Synechocystis as the model organism,” [cited by applicant]
Louie et al., “Cloning and characterization of the gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase gene of Campylobacter jejuni,” [cited by applicant]
Louis et al., “Restricted Distribution of the Butyrate Kinase Pathway among Butyrate-Producing Bacteria from the Human Colon,” [cited by applicant]
Low et al., “Mimicking Somatic Hypermutation: Affinity Maturation of Antibodies Displayed on Bacteriophage Using a Bacterial Mutator Strain,” [cited by applicant]
Lu et al., “Functional Analysis and Regulation of the Divergent spuABCDEFGH-spul Operons for Polyamine Uptake and Utilization in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1,” [cited by applicant]
Lu et al., “Sequence and expression of the gene encoding the corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein from Clostridium thermoaceticum and reconstitution of the recombinant protein to full activity,” [cited by applicant]
Luers et al., “The Pichia pastoris dihydroxyacetone kinase is a PTS1-containing, but cytosolic, protein that is essential for growth on methanol,” [cited by applicant]
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Maeder et al., “The Methanosarcina barkeri Genome: Comparative Analysis with Methanosarcina acetivorans and Methanosarcina mazei Reveals Extensive Rearrangement within Methanosarcinal Genomes,” [cited by applicant]
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Meile et al., “Characterization of the D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate/D-Fructose 6-Phosphate Phosphoketolase Gene (xfp) from Bifidobacterium lactis,” [cited by applicant]
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Menzel et al., “Enzymatic evidence for an involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the anaerobic glycerol metabolism of Klebsiella pneumonia,” [cited by applicant]
Miko, “Phenotype Variability: Penetrance and Expressivity,” [cited by applicant]
Miller et al., “First isolation of an isoprene synthase gene from poplar and successful expression of the gene in [cited by applicant]
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Musfeldt et al., “Novel Type of ADP-Forming Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthetase in Hyperthermophilic Archaea: Heterologous Expression and Characterization of Isoenzymes from the Sulfate Reducer Archaeoglobus fulgidus and the M… [cited by applicant]
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Ness et al., “Synthetic shuffling expands functional protein diversity by allowing amino acids to recombine independently,” [cited by applicant]
Neuberger et al., “Prediction of Peroxisomal Targeting Signal 1 Containing Proteins from Amino Acid Sequence,” [cited by applicant]
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Nunn et al., “The nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the genes for cytochrome cL and a hypothetical second subunit of the methanol dehydrogenase of Methylobacterium AM1,” [cited by applicant]
O'Brien et al., “Regulation by lipids of cofactor binding to a peripheral membrane enzyme: binding of thiamin pyrophosphate to pyruvate oxidase,” [cited by applicant]
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