Compositions and articles for additive fabrication and methods of using the same in particle image velocimetry testing
Radiation curable compositions for additive fabrication processes, the components cured therefrom, and their use in particle image velocimetry testing methods are described and claimed herein. Such compositions include compounds which induce free-radical polymerization, optionally compounds which induce cationic polymerization, a filler constituent, and a light absorbing component, wherein the compositions are configured to possess certain absorbance coefficients at wavelengths commonly utilized in particle image velocimetry testing. In another embodiment, the compositions include a fluorantimony-modified compound. Such compositions may be used in particle imaging velocimetry testing methods, wherein the test object utilized is created via additive fabrication and is of a substantially homogeneous construction.
1. A radiation curable composition for additive fabrication, comprising, relative to the weight of the entire composition:
(a) from 25-65 wt. % of a filler constituent;
(b) from 10-50 wt. % of a cationically polymerizable constituent;
(c) from 5-40 wt. % of a free-radically polymerizable constituent;
(d) from about 0.1 wt. % up to about 15 wt. % of a cationic photoinitiator;
(e) from about 0.1 wt. % up to about 10 wt. % of a free-radical photoinitiator; and
(f) an organic salt light absorbing component.
2. The radiation curable composition of claim 1 , wherein the organic salt light absorbing component is an organic salt, preferably an ammonium salt.
3. The radiation curable composition of claim 1 , wherein the organic salt light absorbing component is in accordance with the following formula (IV):
wherein
X and X′ represents Cl − , Br − , I − , SO 4 2− , NO 3 2− , ClO 4 − , AsF 6 − , SbF 6 − , PF 6 , BF 4 − , (CF 3 CF 2 ) 3 PF 3 − , (C 6 F 5 ) 4 B − , ((CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ) 4 B − , (C 6 F 5 ) 4 Ga − , ((CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 )Ga − , trifluoromethanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate, methanesulfonate, butanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, or p-toluenesulfonate; R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 1 , R 5 and R 6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted methyl or alkyl group, or an un-substituted methyl or alkyl group; and R7 represents a hydrogen atom, an un-substituted phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group.
4. The radiation curable composition of claim 3 , wherein X or X′ represents Cl − , Br − , I − , SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , ClO 4 − , AsF 6 − , SbF 6 − , or PF 6 − , preferably wherein X or X′ represents a hexafluoroantimony (SbF 6 ) 31 ion.
5. The radiation curable composition of claim 3 , wherein the cationic photoinitiator further comprises an anion, wherein the anion is also defined by X or X′.
6. The radiation curable composition of claim 3 , wherein the anion of the cationic photoinitiator possesses a moiety that is identical to the moiety of X or X′ in the light absorbing component.
7. The radiation curable composition of claim 1 , wherein the light absorbing component comprises a fluoroantimony counterion, and further wherein the light absorbing compound is different from (d).
8. The radiation curable composition of claim 1 , further comprising a pigment.
9. The radiation curable composition of claim 1 , wherein the filler constituent comprises a plurality of organic or inorganic microparticles or nanoparticles.
10. The radiation curable composition of claim 1 , wherein the filler constituent consists of a combination inorganic microparticles and inorganic nanoparticles.
11. The radiation curable composition of claim 1 , wherein the filler constituent consists essentially of a combination inorganic microparticles and inorganic nanoparticles.
12. The radiation curable composition of claim 11 , wherein a weight ratio of the inorganic microparticles to the inorganic nanoparticles is from 1:1 to 12:1.
13. The radiation curable composition of claim 11 , wherein the inorganic microparticles and the inorganic nanoparticles possess an average size, wherein a ratio of the average particle size of the inorganic microparticles to the average particle size of the inorganic nanoparticles is from 2.41:1 to less than 200:1, or from 2.41:1 to 100:1, or from 6.46:1 to less than 200:1, or from 6.46:1 to 100:1, wherein the average particle size of the inorganic microparticles and the inorganic nanoparticles is determined by ISO 13320:2009.
14. The radiation curable composition of claim 11 , wherein the average particle size of the inorganic nanoparticles is from 50 nanometers (nm) to 200 nm, or from 50 to 100 nm.
15. The radiation curable composition of claim 11 , wherein the average particle size of the inorganic microparticles is from 2 microns to 8 microns.
16. The radiation curable composition of claim 1 , further comprising from 0.001 wt. % to 0.5 wt. % of a stabilizer.
17. The radiation curable composition of claim 7 , wherein a fluoroantimony-modified compound is an SbF 6 -modified laser dye, or a modified triarylmethane cationic dye from a cyclic lactone precursor.
18. The radiation curable composition of claim 1 , further comprising from 5 wt. % to 15 wt. % of an oxetane.