STABLE THIN FILM HEATERS BASED ON TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, STRUCTURES FORMED WITH THE HEATERS AND APPLICATIONS THEREOF
A transparent structure comprising a transparent substrate, a transparent resistive heating element mounted on the substrate, metal traces forming electrodes arranged to be in electrical contact with the transparent heating element and positioned around boundaries of a heated region defining a circuit for electrical flow through the transparent resistive heating element, and a power source connected to the electrodes with the capability of delivering at least 1 volts to the electrodes wherein the transparent resistive heating element comprises a sparse metal conductive layer comprising nanowire segments of noble metal coated silver having a sheet resistance from about 1 Ohms/sq. to about 300 Ohms/sq and having an unpatterned area of at least about 0.25 cm 2 .
1 . A heater structure comprising a substrate, a transparent resistive heating element mounted on the substrate, metal traces forming electrodes arranged to be in electrical contact with the transparent resistive heating element and positioned along boundaries of a heated region defining a circuit for electrical flow through the transparent resistive heating element thereby forming the heated region, and a power source connected to the electrodes wherein the transparent resistive heating element comprises a sparse metal conductive layer comprising nanowire segments and having a sheet resistance from about 0.5 Ohms/sq. to about 300 Ohms/sq.
2 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the nanowire segments comprise noble metal coated silver.
3 . The heater structure of claim 1 having an unpatterned area of at least about 0.25 cm 2 .
4 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the circuit comprises a segmented electrode with a plurality of segments configured to receive a range of voltages over the plurality of segments for producing a more uniform surface power density.
5 . The heater structure of claim 4 wherein the transparent conductive film is etched to form conductive domains isolating the segmented electrode and a counter electrode to have an electrically isolated stripe as a portion of the heater.
6 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the metal traces do not form a grid.
7 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the electrodes of opposite polarity are approximately parallel to form a rectangular heating surface.
8 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the electrodes of opposite polarity are at an angle to form a trapezoidal heater surface.
9 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the power source can deliver at least about 1 volt to the electrodes and wherein the transparent resistive heating element can generate a sustained surface power density of at least about 0.05 W/cm 2 .
10 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the transparent resistive heater element can generate a sustained surface temperature of at least about 220° C.
11 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the sparse metal conductive layer comprises a fused metal nanostructured network.
12 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the sparse metal conductive layer comprises a plurality of conductive stripes.
13 . The heater structure of claim 1 having a non-rectangular heater surface and an etched transparent conductive layer with no more than about 25% of the transparent conductive layer area removed and/or excluded from the conduction path.
14 . The heater structure of claim 13 wherein the sparse metal conductive layer is etched with a plurality of lines, while maintaining conductive paths between electrodes of opposite polarity and wherein the surface power density is more uniform than with a corresponding unetched transparent heater structure.
15 . The heater structure of claim 13 wherein the sparse metal conductive layer is etched with a plurality of spots and wherein the surface power density is more uniform than with a corresponding unetched transparent heater structure.
16 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the transparent heater structure has a transmittance of at least about 70% over a wavelength range of from about 400 nm to about 750 nm.
17 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the transparent heater structure has a transmittance of at least about 80% over a wavelength range of from about 400 nm to about 750 nm.
18 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the transparent heater structure has a transmittance of at least about 70% over a wavelength range of from about 750 nm to about 1750 nm.
19 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the sparse metal conductive layer has a sheet resistance from about 0.5 Ohms/sq to about 250 Ohms/sq.
20 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a transparent polymeric substrate.
21 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises glass.
22 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a first transparent substrate and the transparent heater structure further comprises a second transparent substrate mounted on the transparent resistive heating element opposite the first transparent substrate.
23 . The heater structure of claim 1 wherein the structure is bendable and flexible.
24 . A window for a vehicle comprising the heater structure of claim 1 .
25 . An infrared based imaging system comprising the heater structure of claim 1 .