BIOGENIC ACTIVATED CARBON AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING SAME
Biogenic activated carbon compositions disclosed herein comprise at least 55 wt % carbon, some of which may be present as graphene, and have high surface areas, such as Iodine Numbers of greater than 2000. Some embodiments provide biogenic activated carbon that is responsive to a magnetic field. A continuous process for producing biogenic activated carbon comprises countercurrently contacting, by mechanical means, a feedstock with a vapor stream comprising an activation agent including water and/or carbon dioxide; removing vapor from the reaction zone; recycling at least some of the separated vapor stream, or a thermally treated form thereof, to an inlet of the reaction zone(s) and/or to the feedstock; and recovering solids from the reaction zone(s) as biogenic activated carbon. Methods of using the biogenic activated carbon are disclosed.
1 . A method of using biogenic graphene, the method comprising:
obtaining a biogenic activated carbon composition comprising, on a dry basis, at least about 55 wt % total carbon, at most about 15 wt % hydrogen, and at most about 1 wt % nitrogen, wherein at least a portion of the total carbon is present in the form of biogenic graphene; and
optionally separating the graphene from the biogenic activated carbon composition, thereby producing a separated biogenic graphene;
incorporating the biogenic graphene or the separated biogenic graphene, into a battery electrode, a fuel cell electrode, a voltaic cell, an energy storage material or device, a supercapacitor, a sink for static electricity dissipation, a material or device for electronic or ionic transport, or a combination thereof.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising separating the biogenic graphene from the biogenic activated carbon composition, wherein the separating occurs prior to the incorporating.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at least about 95 wt % total carbon.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 0.1 wt % of the total carbon is present in the form of the biogenic graphene.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 1 wt % of the total carbon is present in the form of the biogenic graphene.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 10 wt % of the total carbon is present in the form of the biogenic graphene.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at most about 0.5 wt % nitrogen.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at most about 5 wt % hydrogen.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at most about 10 wt % oxygen.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at most about 0.5 wt % phosphorus.
11 . A battery electrode comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition, wherein the biogenic activated carbon comprises, on a dry basis, at least about 55 wt % total carbon, at most about 15 wt % hydrogen, and at most about 1 wt % nitrogen, wherein at least a portion of the total carbon is present in the form of biogenic graphene.
12 . The battery electrode of claim 11 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at least about 95 wt % total carbon.
13 . The battery electrode of claim 11 , wherein at least 1 wt % of the total carbon is present in the form of the biogenic graphene.
14 . The battery electrode of claim 11 , wherein at least 10 wt % of the total carbon is present in the form of the biogenic graphene.
15 . The battery electrode of claim 11 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at most about 0.5 wt % nitrogen, at most about 5 wt % hydrogen, at most about 10 wt % oxygen, and at most about 0.5 wt % phosphorus.
16 . An energy storage material or device comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition, wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at least about 55 wt % total carbon, at most about 15 wt % hydrogen, and at most about 1 wt % nitrogen, wherein at least a portion of the total carbon is present in the form of biogenic graphene.
17 . The energy storage material or device of claim 16 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at least about 95 wt % total carbon.
18 . The energy storage material or device of claim 16 , wherein at least 1 wt % of the total carbon is present in the form of the biogenic graphene.
19 . The energy storage material or device of claim 16 , wherein at least 10 wt % of the total carbon is present in the form of the biogenic graphene.
20 . The energy storage material or device of claim 16 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at most about 0.5 wt % nitrogen, at most about 5 wt % hydrogen, at most about 10 wt % oxygen, and at most about 0.5 wt % phosphorus.
21 . A material or device for electronic or ionic transport comprising a biogenic activated carbon composition comprising, on a dry basis, about 55 wt % or more total carbon, about 15 wt % or less hydrogen, and less than or equal to about 1 wt % nitrogen, wherein at least a portion of the total carbon is present in the form of biogenic graphene.
22 . The material or device for electronic or ionic transport of claim 21 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at least about 95 wt % total carbon.
23 . The material or device for electronic or ionic transport of claim 21 , wherein at least 1 wt % of the total carbon is present in the form of the biogenic graphene.
24 . The material or device for electronic or ionic transport of claim 21 , wherein at least 10 wt % of the total carbon is present in the form of the biogenic graphene.
25 . The material or device for electronic or ionic transport of claim 21 , wherein the biogenic activated carbon composition comprises, on a dry basis, at most about 0.5 wt % nitrogen, at most about 5 wt % hydrogen, at most about 10 wt % oxygen, and at most about 0.5 wt % phosphorus.