IP Library Granted Patent US 12,442,640
Granted Patent B2
US 12,442,640 · App. 18/456,349 · Granted Oct 14, 2025

Intermediate waypoint generator

Inventors: Gina Christine Fay (Lexington, MA); Alfred Rizzi (Cambridge, MA)
Assignee: Boston Dynamics, Inc.
G01C21/20G05D1/0088G05D1/0214
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,442,640
App. No.
18/456,349
Granted
Oct 14, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

A method for generating intermediate waypoints for a navigation system of a robot includes receiving a navigation route. The navigation route includes a series of high-level waypoints that begin at a starting location and end at a destination location and is based on high-level navigation data. The high-level navigation data is representative of locations of static obstacles in an area the robot is to navigate. The method also includes receiving image data of an environment about the robot from an image sensor and generating at least one intermediate waypoint based on the image data. The method also includes adding the at least one intermediate waypoint to the series of high-level waypoints of the navigation route and navigating the robot from the starting location along the series of high-level waypoints and the at least one intermediate waypoint toward the destination location.

Claims (51)

1. A computer-implemented method comprising:

receiving, at data processing hardware of a robot, a navigation route that is based on one or more locations of one or more obstacles in an environment of the robot, the navigation route comprising a first waypoint and a second waypoint;

receiving, at the data processing hardware, from an image sensor, image data associated with the environment;

determining, by the data processing hardware, a plurality of paths from the first waypoint to the second waypoint based on the image data;

selecting, by the data processing hardware, a path from the plurality of paths, the path comprising at least one intermediate waypoint between the first waypoint and the second waypoint, wherein the at least one intermediate waypoint and at least one of the first waypoint or the second waypoint are generated using different data; and

instructing, by the data processing hardware, navigation of the robot from a starting location to a destination location in the environment via the first waypoint, the at least one intermediate waypoint, and the second waypoint.

2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

comparing a first path of the plurality of paths to a second path of the plurality of paths, wherein selecting the path is based on comparing the first path to the second path.

3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining a first rotation associated with a first path of the plurality of paths; and

determining a second rotation associated with a second path of the plurality of paths, wherein selecting the path is based on the first rotation and the second rotation.

4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

adding the at least one intermediate waypoint to the navigation route.

5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the first waypoint is associated with the starting location, and wherein the second waypoint is associated with the destination location.

6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein a first portion of the environment between the first waypoint and the at least one intermediate waypoint is associated with a first yaw configuration, and wherein a second portion of the environment between the at least one intermediate waypoint and the second waypoint is associated with a second yaw configuration.

7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the image data is indicative of one or more additional obstacles.

8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of paths comprises two or more paths around one or more additional obstacles.

9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the navigation route is further based on a map indicative of the one or more locations of the one or more obstacles.

10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of paths comprises a respective at least one intermediate waypoint between the first waypoint and the second waypoint.

11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein instructing navigation of the robot comprises instructing navigation of the robot such that the robot maintains at least a threshold distance from the one or more obstacles.

12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the image data is indicative of one or more updated locations of the one or more obstacles.

13. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein receiving the image data comprises receiving the image data based on navigation of at least a portion of the environment by the robot.

14. The computer-implemented method of claim 13 , wherein selecting the path comprises selecting the path in real time.

15. A system comprising:

data processing hardware; and

memory in communication with the data processing hardware, the memory storing instructions that when executed on the data processing hardware cause the data processing hardware to:

receive a navigation route that is based on one or more locations of one or more obstacles in an environment of a robot, the navigation route comprising a first waypoint and a second waypoint;

receive, from an image sensor, image data associated with the environment;

determine a plurality of paths from the first waypoint to the second waypoint based on the image data;

select a path from the plurality of paths, the path comprising at least one intermediate waypoint between the first waypoint and the second waypoint, wherein the at least one intermediate waypoint and at least one of the first waypoint or the second waypoint are generated using different data; and

instruct navigation of the robot from a starting location to a destination location in the environment via the first waypoint, the at least one intermediate waypoint, and the second waypoint.

16. The system of claim 15 , wherein execution of the instructions further causes the data processing hardware to:

compare a first path of the plurality of paths to a second path of the plurality of paths, wherein selecting the path is based on comparing the first path to the second path.

17. The system of claim 15 , wherein a first portion of the environment between the first waypoint and the at least one intermediate waypoint is associated with a first yaw configuration, and wherein a second portion of the environment between the at least one intermediate waypoint and the second waypoint is associated with a second yaw configuration.

18. A robot comprising:

an image sensor;

at least two legs;

data processing hardware in communication with the image sensor; and

memory in communication with the data processing hardware, the memory storing instructions that when executed on the data processing hardware cause the data processing hardware to:

receive a navigation route that is based on one or more locations of one or more obstacles in an environment of a robot, the navigation route comprising a first waypoint and a second waypoint;

receive, from the image sensor, image data associated with the environment;

determine a plurality of paths from the first waypoint to the second waypoint based on the image data;

select a path from the plurality of paths, the path comprising at least one intermediate waypoint between the first waypoint and the second waypoint, wherein the at least one intermediate waypoint and at least one of the first waypoint or the second waypoint are generated using different data; and

instruct navigation of the robot from a starting location to a destination location in the environment via the first waypoint, the at least one intermediate waypoint, and the second waypoint.

19. The robot of claim 18 , wherein the image data is indicative of one or more additional obstacles.

20. The robot of claim 18 , wherein the image data is indicative of one or more updated locations of the one or more obstacles.

21. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining a location within the path to place the at least one intermediate waypoint.

22. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising:

generating one or more step locations associated with the path based on selecting the path, wherein instructing navigation of the robot comprises instructing the robot to place one or more feet of the robot at the one or more step locations.

23. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first waypoint, the at least one intermediate waypoint, and the second waypoint are associated with at least one of a respective yaw value, a respective time value, or a respective location on a ground surface of the environment.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Aug 31, 2023
From: FAY, GINA CHRISTINE; RIZZI, ALFRED
To: BOSTON DYNAMICS, INC.
Reel/Frame 064766/0923 →
Continuity (4)
Continuation 17649620 · Feb 1, 2022
Continuation 16569885 · Sep 13, 2019
Provisional Application 62883438 · Aug 6, 2019
Related Publication 20230400307A1 · Dec 14, 2023
References Cited (256)
US 5111401A · Everett et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5378969A · Haikawa · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 7211980B1 · Bruemmer et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7865267B2 · Sabe et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 7912583B2 · Gutmann et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8270730B2 · Watson · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8346391B1 · Anhalt et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8401783B2 · Hyung et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8548734B2 · Barbeau et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8849494B1 · Herbach et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8930058B1 · Quist et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9352470B1 · da Silva et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9561592B1 · Silva et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9574883B2 · Watts et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9586316B1 · Swilling · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 9594377B1 · Perkins et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9717387B1 · Szatmary et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9844879B1 · Cousins et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9896091B1 · Kurt et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9908240B1 · da Silva et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9910441B2 · Levinson · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 9933781B1 · Bando et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9969086B1 · Whitman · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9975245B1 · Whitman · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10054447B2 · Hong · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10081098B1 · Nelson et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10081104B1 · Swilling · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10226870B1 · Silva et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10639794B2 · Cousins et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 11175664B1 · Boyraz et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11268816B2 · Fay et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11287826B2 · Whitman et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11416003B2 · Whitman et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11480974B2 · Lee et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11518029B2 · Cantor et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11656630B2 · Jonak et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11747825B2 · Jonak et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11774247B2 · Fay et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 12222723B2 · Yamauchi · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 12304082B2 · Merewether · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 20050131581A1 · Sabe et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20060009876A1 · McNeil · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060025888A1 · Gutmann et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060167621A1 · Dale · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20070233338A1 · Ariyur et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070282564A1 · Sprague et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080009966A1 · Bruemmer et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080027590A1 · Phillips et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080086241A1 · Phillips et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090125225A1 · Hussain et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100066587A1 · Yamauchi et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100172571A1 · Yoon et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110035087A1 · Kim et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110172850A1 · Paz-Meidan et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110224901A1 · Aben et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120089295A1 · Ahn et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120182392A1 · Kearns et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130141247A1 · Ricci · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130231779A1 · Purkayastha et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130323432A1 · Rygas et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130325244A1 · Wang et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140188325A1 · Johnson et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150158182A1 · Farlow et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150355638A1 · Field et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160375901A1 · di Cairano et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20170017236A1 · Song et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170095383A1 · Li et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170120448A1 · Lee et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170131102A1 · Wirbel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170165835A1 · Agarwal · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170203446A1 · Dooley et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170341235A1 · Baloch · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20180051991A1 · Hong · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 20180161986A1 · Kee et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180173242A1 · Lalonde et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180328737A1 · Frey et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180348742A1 · Byrne et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20190056743A1 · Alesiani et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190079523A1 · Zhu et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190080463A1 · Davison et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190113927A1 · England et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190138029A1 · Ryll et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190171911A1 · Greenberg · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190187699A1 · Salour et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190187703A1 · Millard · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20190213896A1 · Gohi et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190318277A1 · Goldman et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190332114A1 · Moroniti et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200039427A1 · Chen et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200109954A1 · Li et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200117198A1 · Whitman et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200117214A1 · Jonak et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200164521A1 · Li · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200174460A1 · Byrne et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200192388A1 · Zhang et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200198140A1 · Dupuis et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200216061A1 · Zidek · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200249033A1 · Gelhar · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200258400A1 · Yuan et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200333790A1 · Kobayashi et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200386882A1 · Klein et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200409382A1 · Herman et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210041243A1 · Fay et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210041887A1 · Whitman et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210064055A1 · Jun · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210141389A1 · Jonak et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210180961A1 · Oh · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210200219A1 · Gaschler · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210311480A1 · Yang et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210323618A1 · Komoroski · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210382491A1 · Murotani et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20220024034A1 · Wei et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220063662A1 · Sprunk et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220083062A1 · Jaquez et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220088776A1 · Kuffner · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220137637A1 · Baldini et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220155078A1 · Fay et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220179420A1 · Whitman et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220244741A1 · Silva et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220276654A1 · Lee et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220342421A1 · Kearns · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220374024A1 · Whitman et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220388170A1 · Merewether · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220390950A1 · Yamauchi · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220390954A1 · Klingensmith · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20230062175A1 · Yahata · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230273621A1 · Okamori et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230309776A1 · Li et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230359220A1 · Jonak et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230418297A1 · Komoroski et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20240061436A1 · Tsuzaki et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240165821A1 · Dabiri et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240361779A1 · Dellon et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
CA 2928262 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
CN 102037317A · 2011 [cited by applicant]
CN 203371557 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 103869820A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 104075715A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 104470685A · 2015 [cited by applicant]
CN 104536445A · 2015 [cited by applicant]
CN 106200633A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 106371445A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CN 107301654A · 2017 [cited by applicant]
CN 107943038A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 108052103 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 108292473A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 108801269A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 109029417A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
CN 109540142A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
CN 111604916 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 211956515 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 112034861 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 113168184 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CN 113633219 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
CN 114174766 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
CN 114503043 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
DE 102016206209A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
JP H02127180A · 1990 [cited by applicant]
JP H09134217 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
JP 2005088189 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
JP 2006011880 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
JP 2006239844 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
JP 2007041656 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
JP 2008072963 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
JP 2009223628 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
JP 2009271513 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
JP 2010253585 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
JP 2013250795 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
JP 2014123200 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
JP 2014151370 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
JP 2016081404 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
JP 2016103158 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
JP 2017182502 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
JP 2019500691 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
JP 2019500691A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
JP 2019021197 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
JP 2022504039 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
JP 2022543997 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
JP 7219812 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
JP 7259020 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
KR 101121763 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
KR 20120019893 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
KR 20130020107A · 2013 [cited by applicant]
KR 20220078563A · 2022 [cited by applicant]
KR 20220083666 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
KR 102504729 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
KR 1020230035139 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
KR 102533690 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
KR 102492242 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007051972 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017090108 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018231616 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020076418 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020076422 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021025707 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021025708 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2022164832 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2022256811 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2022256815 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2022256821 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2023249979A1 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2024220811A2 · 2024 [cited by applicant]
Liu et al., “Behavior-based navigation system of mobile robot in unknown environment”, Industrial Control Comp. Dec. 25, 2017; 12: 28-30. [cited by applicant]
Song et al., “Environment model based path planning for mobile robot”, Electronics Optics & Control, Jun. 30, 2006, 3: 102-104. [cited by applicant]
Wei et al., “A method of autonomous robot navigation in dynamic unknown environment”, J Comp Res Devel. Sep. 30, 2005; 9: 1538-1543. [cited by applicant]
Zhao et al., “Machine vision-based unstructured road navigation path detection method”, Trans Chinese Soc Agricult Mach. Jun. 25, 2007; 6: 202-204. (English Abstract not available). [cited by applicant]
Chinese Office Action for Application No. 201980098897.7 dated May 17, 2024, 27 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Korean Office Action for Application No. 10-2022-7007114 dated Aug. 30, 2024, 10 Pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2023/025806, Oct. 11, 2023, 16 pages. [cited by applicant]
Abraham et al., “A Topological Approach of Path Planning for Autonomous Robot Navigation in Dynamic Environments”, The 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Oct. 11-15, 2009. [cited by applicant]
Alkautsar, “Topological Path Planning and Metric Path Planning”, https://medium.com/@arifmaulanaa/topological-path-planning-and-metric-path-planning-5c0fa7f107f2, downloaded Feb. 13, 2023, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Boost.org, “buffer (with strategies)”, https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_75_0/libs/geometry/doc/html/geometry/reference/algorithms/buffer/buffer_7_with_strategies.html, downloaded Feb. 1, 2023, 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Buchegger et al. “An Autonomous Vehicle for Parcel Delivery in Urban Areas” International Conference on Intelligent Transporation Systems (ITSC) Nov. 2018. [cited by applicant]
Cao, “Topological Path Planning for Crowd Navigation”, https://www.ri.cmu.edu/app/uploads/2019/05/thesis.pdf, May 2019, 24 pages. [cited by applicant]
Collins et al. “Efficient Planning for High-Speed MAV Flight in Unknown Environments Using Online Sparse Topological Graphs” IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) Aug. 2020. [cited by applicant]
Github.com, “cartographer-project/cartographer”, https://github.com/cartographer-project/cartographer, downloaded Feb. 1, 2023, 4 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/047804, Apr. 6, 2020, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/051092, Apr. 30, 2020, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/072710, Sep. 27, 2022, 16 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/072703, Sep. 22, 2022, 13 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/072717, Sep. 30, 2022, 26 pages. [cited by applicant]
Kuipers et al. “A Robot Exploration and Mapping Strategy Based on a Semantic Hierarchy of Spatial Representations” Journal of Robotics & Autonomous Systems vol. 8, 1991, pp. 47-63. [cited by applicant]
Leon et al., “TIGRE: Topological Graph based Robotic Exploration”, 2017 European Conference on Mobile Robots (ECMR), Paris, France, 2017, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ECMR.2017.8098718. [cited by applicant]
McCammon et al., “Topological path planning for autonomous information gathering”, Auton Robot 45, 821-842 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-021-10012-x. [cited by applicant]
Mendes et al., “ICP-based pose-graph SLAM”, International Symposium on Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics (SSRR), Oct. 2016, Lausanne, Switzerland. pp. 195-200, ff10.1109/SSRR.2016.7784298, hal-01522248. [cited by applicant]
Poncela et al., “Efficient integration of metric and topological maps for directed exploration of unknown environments”, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Elsevier BV, Amsterdam, NL, vol. 41, No. 1, Oct. 31, 2002 (Oct. 3… [cited by applicant]
Tang, “Introduction to Robotics”, The Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.org/web/20160520085742/http://www.cpp.edu:80/˜ftang/courses/CS521/, downloaded Feb. 3, 2023, 58 pages. [cited by applicant]
Thrun et al., “The GraphSLAM Algorithm with Applications to Large-Scale Mapping of Urban Structures”, The International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 25, No. 5-6, May-Jun. 2006, pp. 403-429. [cited by applicant]
Video game, “Unreal Engine 5”, https://docs.unrealengine.com/5.0/en-US/basic-navigation-in-unreal-engine/, downloaded Feb. 1, 2023, 15 pages. [cited by applicant]
Whelan et al., “ElasticFusion: Dense SLAM Without a Pose Graph”, http://www.roboticsproceedings.org/rss11/p01.pdf, downloaded Feb. 1, 2023, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Wikipedia.org, “Buffer (GIS)”, http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Buffer_(GIS)#:˜:text=A%20'polygon%20buffer'%20is%20a,Buffer%20around%20line%20features, downloaded Feb. 1, 2023, 4 pages. [cited by applicant]
Wikipedia.org, “Probabilistic roadmap”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_roadmap, downloaded Feb. 1, 2023, 2 pages. [cited by applicant]
Wikipedia.org, “Rapidly-exploring random tree”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidly-exploring_random_tree, downloaded Feb. 1, 2023, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Wikipedia.org, “Visibility graph”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visibility_graph, downloaded Feb. 1, 2023, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Yamauchi et al. “Place Recognition in Dynamic Environments” Journal of Robotic Systems, Special Issue on Mobile Robots, vol. 14, No. 2, Feb. 1997, pp. 107-120. [cited by applicant]
Yamauchi et al. “Spatial Learning for Navigation in Dynamic Environments” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics—Part B: Cybernetics, Special Issue on Learning Autonomous Robots, vol. 26, No. 3, Jun. 1996, p… [cited by applicant]
Boston Dynamics, “Hey Buddy, Can You Give Me a Hand?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUyU3IKzoio, Feb. 12, 2018, downloaded Jul. 31, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Boston Dynamics, “Introducing Spot Classic (previously Spot),” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8YjvHYbZ9w, Feb. 9, 2015, downloaded Aug. 10, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Boston Dynamics, “Introducing Spot (Previously SpotMini),” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tf7IEVTDjng, Jun. 23, 2016, downloaded Jul. 31, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Boston Dynamics, “Spot Autonomous Navigation,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ve9kWX_KXus, May 10, 2018, downloaded Sep. 5, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Boston Dynamics, “Spot Robot Testing at Construction Sites,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wND9goxDVrY&t=15s, Oct. 11, 2018, downloaded Sep. 5, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Boston Dynamics, “SpotMini”, The Wayback Machine, http://web.archive.org/web/20171118145237/https://bostondynamics.com/spot-mini, downloaded Jul. 31, 2023, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Boston Dynamics, “Testing Robustness,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFuA50H9uek, Feb. 20, 2018, downloaded Jul. 31, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Boston Dynamics, “The New Spot,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgaO45SyaO4, Nov. 13, 2017, downloaded Jul. 31, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Office Action received in Japanese Application No. 2022-502242 dated Mar. 10, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Office Action received in Korean Application No. 10-2022-7007114 dated Apr. 20, 2022. [cited by applicant]
Office Action received in Japanese Application No. JP 2022-502242, dated Aug. 23, 2023, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/013777, May 6, 2022, 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/046646 Oct. 31, 2019, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/051511, Jul. 1, 2020, 15 pages. [cited by applicant]
Lee et al. “A New Semantic Descriptor for Data Association in Semantic SLAM”, 2019 109th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), Jeju, Korea (South), 2019, pp. 1178-1181, doi: 10.23919/ICCAS… [cited by applicant]
Matsumaru T., Mobile robot with preliminary-announcement and display function of forthcoming motion using projection equipment. In Roman 2006—The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communic… [cited by applicant]
Wengefeld et al., “A laser projection system for robot intention communication and human robot interaction.” In 2020 29th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) Aug. 31, 2020… [cited by applicant]
European Office Action for Application No. 19779280.7, Oct. 23, 2024, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US2024/025417, Nov. 5, 2024, 26 pages. [cited by applicant]
Chinese Office Action for Application No. 201980098897.7 dated Oct. 11, 2024, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Cited By (1)
US 12,619,257