Physics packages including atomic or molecular vapors and sub-wavelength grating waveguides and/or radio frequency waveguides
Physics packages including atomic or molecular vapors and sub-wavelength grating (SWG) waveguides and/or radio frequency (RF) waveguides are provided herein. In some examples, a physics package for interacting with atoms or molecules in a vapor includes a substrate, and a cell sealed to the substrate and storing the vapor. A SWG waveguide may be disposed on the substrate and within the cell. The SWG waveguide may include a plurality of grating segments that are spaced apart from one another and define a gap within the SWG waveguide. The vapor may be located at least within the gap. A first optical coupler couples light into the SWG waveguide such that the light propagates through the vapor located within the gap and interacts with the atoms or molecules in the vapor located within the gap. A second optical coupler receives light from the SWG waveguide.
1. A physics package for interacting with atoms or molecules in a vapor, the physics package comprising:
a substrate;
a cell sealed to the substrate and storing the vapor;
a sub-wavelength grating (SWG) waveguide having a length and a width and disposed on the substrate,
the SWG waveguide comprising a plurality of grating segments that are spaced apart from one another and define a gap within the SWG waveguide, the vapor being located at least within the gap;
a first optical coupler configured to couple light into the SWG waveguide such that the light propagates through the vapor located within the gap and interacts with the atoms or molecules in the vapor located within the gap; and
a second optical coupler configured to receive light from the SWG waveguide.
2. The physics package of claim 1 , wherein the gap within which the vapor is located, and through which the light propagates, comprises a plurality of gaps which are located between the grating segments of the plurality of grating segments.
3. The physics package of claim 2 , wherein the grating segments of the plurality of grating segments are interdigitated.
4. The physics package of claim 1 , wherein:
the plurality of grating segments comprise a first plurality of grating segments and a second plurality of grating segments that is spaced apart from the first plurality of grating segments by the gap within which the vapor is located, and through which the light propagates,
the grating segments of the first plurality of grating segments are separated from one another by a first plurality of additional gaps, and
the grating segments of the second plurality of grating segments are separated from one another by a second plurality of additional gaps.
5. The physics package of claim 1 , wherein the cell comprises:
a cover; and
a spacer layer disposed on the substrate, the spacer layer coupling the cover to the substrate and sealing the vapor at least within the gap.
6. The physics package of claim 1 , further comprising a radio frequency (RF) waveguide, comprising:
a first RF electrode disposed on the substrate; and
a second RF electrode disposed on the substrate,
wherein the SWG waveguide is disposed between the first RF electrode and the second RF electrode.
7. The physics package of claim 6 , further comprising:
a first RF coupler configured to couple an RF signal into the first RF electrode and the second RF electrode; and
a second RF coupler configured to receive the RF signal from the first RF electrode and the second RF electrode.
8. The physics package of claim 7 , wherein the RF signal perturbs the interaction between the light and the atoms or molecules in the vapor within the gap.
9. The physics package of claim 1 , wherein the atoms or molecules in the vapor have at least first and second Rydberg energy levels.
10. The physics package of claim 1 , wherein the atoms comprise an alkali metal, or wherein the molecules comprise acetylene or HCN.
11. A method of making a physics package for interacting with atoms or molecules in a vapor, the method comprising:
disposing a sub-wavelength grating (SWG) waveguide having a length and a width on a substrate,
the SWG waveguide comprising a plurality of grating segments that are spaced apart from one another and define a gap within the SWG waveguide;
coupling a first optical coupler to the SWG waveguide such that light input to the first optical coupler propagates through the gap;
coupling a second optical coupler to the SWG waveguide to receive light from the SWG waveguide; and
sealing the vapor at least within the gap.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the gap within which the vapor is located, and through which the light propagates, comprises a plurality of gaps which are located between the grating segments of the plurality of grating segments.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the grating segments of the plurality of grating segments are interdigitated.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein:
the plurality of grating segments comprise a first plurality of grating segments and a second plurality of grating segments that is spaced apart from the first plurality of grating segments by the gap within which the vapor is located, and through which the light propagates,
the grating segments of the first plurality of grating segments are separated from one another by a first plurality of additional gaps, and
the grating segments of the second plurality of grating segments are separated from one another by a second plurality of additional gaps.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein sealing the vapor at least within the gap comprises:
disposing a spacer layer on the substrate; and
coupling a cover to the spacer layer.
16. The method of claim 11 , further comprising disposing a radio frequency (RF) waveguide on the substrate, comprising:
disposing a first RF electrode on the substrate; and
disposing a second RF electrode on the substrate,
wherein the SWG waveguide is disposed between the first RF electrode and the second RF electrode.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising:
coupling a first RF coupler to the first RF electrode and the second RF electrode such that an RF signal applied to the first RF coupler propagates through the first RF electrode and the second RF electrode; and
coupling a second RF coupler to the first RF electrode and the second RF electrode so as to receive the RF signal that propagates through the first RF electrode and the second RF electrode.
18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the atoms or molecules in the vapor have at least first and second Rydberg energy levels.
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the atoms comprise an alkali metal, or wherein the molecules comprise acetylene or HCN.
20. A method of using the physics package of claim 1 , the method comprising:
coupling light into the SWG waveguide using the first optical coupler;
coupling light from the SWG waveguide into a detector using the second optical coupler; and
analyzing the interaction between the atoms or molecules in the vapor within the gap and light propagating through the SWG waveguide, using an electrical signal from the detector.