Pillar fracturing
A system and method for hydraulic fracturing a subterranean formation with fracturing fluid to generate fractures, and intermittently adjusting a characteristic of the fracturing fluid conveying proppant to form pillars of proppant in the fractures.
1. A method of hydraulic fracturing with a viscoelastic surfactant (VES)-based fracturing fluid, comprising:
pumping the VES-based fracturing fluid through a wellbore into a subterranean formation;
hydraulically fracturing the subterranean formation with the VES-based fracturing fluid, thereby generating fractures in the subterranean formation;
conveying proppant in the VES-based fracturing fluid through the wellbore into the fractures, wherein the proppant comprises resin coating comprising unfunctionalized organic resin and functionalized nanoparticles that adhere to the unfunctionalized organic resin, wherein nanoparticles are reacted with at least one of an alkoxysilane solution or a halosilane solution to form the functionalized nanoparticles comprising at least one of a fluorosilane moiety, a perfluorosilane moiety, or an alkylsilane moiety for incorporation into the resin coating, and
wherein a surface modifier is applied to the resin coating prior to inclusion of the proppant in the VES-based fracturing fluid, and the surface modifier comprising at least one of an alkyl fluorosilane, a fluorinated surfactant, a fluorinated polymer, or a fluorinated polymeric surfactant; and
intermittently altering rheology of the VES-based fracturing fluid conveying the proppant to form pillars of proppant in the fractures.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein intermittently altering the rheology comprises intermittently altering concentration of VES in the VES-based fracturing fluid to form the pillars.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein intermittently altering the rheology to form the pillars comprises intermittently altering concentration of salt in brine incorporate into the VES-based fracturing fluid.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein intermittently altering the rheology to form the pillars comprises intermittently altering a type of salt added to the VES-based fracturing fluid.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein intermittently altering the rheology comprises intermittently altering concentration of a crosslinker in the VES-based fracturing fluid to form the pillars.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rheology comprises viscosity or viscoelasticity, or a combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rheology comprises viscosity.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the proppant comprises sand, and wherein the resin coating is coated on an outer surface of the sand.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resin coating comprises a resin nanocomposite coating comprising the nanoparticles as a nanoreinforcing agent uniformly distributed throughout the resin nanocomposite coating.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized nanoparticles comprise nanotubes, nanofibers, or nanoplatelets, or any combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized nanoparticles comprise first nanoparticles comprising graphene and second nanoparticles comprising carbon nanotubes.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the unfunctionalized organic resin comprises phenolic resin, epoxy resin, furan resin, polyurethane resin, polyurea resin, polyester, polyamideimide resin, polyamide resin, polyurea/polyurethane resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, silicone resin, vinyl ester resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, novolac, or resole, or any combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface modifier is at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkyl fluorosilane solution, a fluorinated surfactant, a fluorinated polymer, and a fluorinated polymeric surfactant.